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In Ancient Rome[2], os plebeus constituíam aproximadamente 70% da população, inicialmente sem direitos políticos e civis. Inicialmente divididos por Rómulo, eram distintos dos patrícios, que detinham poder social e político. Através do Conflito das Ordens durante a primeira República (séculos V-IV a.C.), os plebeus gradualmente ganharam direitos. Os marcos importantes incluíram o estabelecimento dos Tribunos da Plebe em 494 a.C., a Lei das Doze Tábuas[1] em 450 a.C., e reformas legais como a Lex Canuleia e a Lex Licinia Sextia. Apesar de servirem no exército e trabalharem como artesãos, agricultores e comerciantes, os plebeus enfrentavam desafios como slavery[3] por dívidas e mobilidade social limitada. Muitos eram clientes de famílias patrícias ou descendentes de povos conquistados, com alguns acabando por se integrar na society[4] romana através de persistentes lutas sociais e legais.
Terms definitions
1. ↑ Law of the Twelve Planks ( Lei das Doze Tábuas ) A Lei das Doze Tábuas, criada em 450 a.C. durante a República Romana, foi um código legal fundacional desenvolvido por dez comissários (Decênviros) em resposta às exigências dos plebeus por leis escritas. Inspirado nas tradições jurídicas gregas, o código foi inscrito em doze tábuas de bronze e exibido publicamente. Abrangendo diversos domínios legais, incluindo procedimento civil, direito de família, direitos de propriedade e ofensas criminais, as tábuas abordaram sistematicamente regulações sociais. O código estabeleceu princípios legais críticos como procedimentos judiciais, regras de propriedade, diretrizes de herança e punições criminais. Notavelmente, permitiu a apreensão física do réu, regulou transferências de propriedade e definiu circunstâncias para força legítima contra ladrões. Como documento fundamental na história jurídica romana, a Lei das Doze Tábuas influenciou significativamente a jurisprudência romana subsequente e forneceu uma abordagem estruturada para resolver conflitos sociais através de mecanismos legais codificados.
2. ↑ Ancient Rome ( Roma antiga ) A história inicial de Roma abrange desde a sua fundação lendária por Rômulo e Remo em 753 a.C. através dos períodos monárquico e republicano. Inicialmente habitada por latinos e sabinos, Roma desenvolveu-se a partir de assentamentos em suas colinas e foi governada por sete reis, com significativa influência etrusca. A República emergiu por volta de 509 a.C., caracterizada por um sistema político complexo de magistrados eleitos, cônsules e o Senado. Roma expandiu-se através de conquistas militares, derrotando rivais como Cartago nas Guerras Púnicas e subjugando territórios em toda a península Itálica. Tensões sociais e económicas internas, incluindo conflitos entrepatrícios e plebeus, e a ascensão de generais poderosos como Júlio César, eventualmente levaram ao colapso da República. Otaviano (Augusto) tornou-se o primeiro Imperador Romano, estabelecendo o sistema imperial e iniciando a Pax Romana, um período de relativa paz e prosperidade que transformou a governação e a sociedade romana.
3. ↑ slavery. Slavery is a historical and contemporary practice of assuming property rights over human beings through physical or moral violence. Throughout history, various civilisations have enslaved individuals, mainly prisoners of war, using them for economic and cultural development. Enslaved people experienced a profound loss of personal autonomy, rights and social status, often subjected to absolute domination and alienation. Although significant abolitionist movements have led to legal abolition in most regions, slavery persists globally in various forms, including forced labour, debt bondage and human trafficking. Modern slavery remains prevalent in countries such as India, China, Pakistan and Nigeria, presenting ongoing challenges in law enforcement, victim protection and rehabilitation. Despite international efforts to combat the practice, hidden and underground networks continue to perpetuate human exploitation, undermining fundamental human rights and dignity.
4. ↑ society. A society is a group of individuals interacting to achieve common goals, sharing a fundamental principle of bonding. Characterised by networks of interconnected relationships, societies can be institutionalised or non-institutionalised, ranging from bands and tribes to complex state structures. Communities serve as intermediary groups between individuals and wider societal structures, encompassing family, professional and social networks. Anthropological perspectives emphasise the organisation of societies based on subsistence, technology and communication, challenging previous hierarchical notions. Social norms and institutions play crucial roles in maintaining group cohesion, with mechanisms such as generosity, status recognition and shared rituals. The evolution of societies reflects changing dynamics of cooperation, specialisation and adaptation, demonstrating how human groups organise themselves to survive and thrive in different cultural and environmental contexts.
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