Direito Administrativo - Advogados Cabo Verde

1. ↑ public administration. Public administration is the management of the state through legislative, regulatory and service-orientated agencies. Originating in the late 18th century in France, it has evolved through various models in Europe and globally, including Nordic, Anglo-Saxon, Rhenish/Continental and Mediterranean approaches. Each model varies in the status of civil servants, political interference and employment systems. In Brazil, public administration has progressed through three distinct phases: patrimonial, bureaucratic and managerial, moving from nepotism towards efficiency and professionalisation. Key components include tax administration, regulatory agencies and direct and indirect administrative structures. These systems are responsible for implementing public policies, regulating economic activities and providing essential services. Regulatory agencies play a crucial role in overseeing public service concessions and permits, ensuring accountability and effectiveness in governance, while maintaining a balance between state control and operational autonomy.

2. ↑ direito público. A divisão entre direito público e direito privado deriva das tradições jurídicas romanas, particularmente da distinção de Ulpiano entre jus publicum e jus privatum. Esta classificação separa as normas jurídicas com base nos interesses (público vs. privado), tipos de relações jurídicas (coordenação vs. imposição) e formas de interação (imperativo vs. autonomia). O direito público abrange o direito internacional, constitucional, administrativo, criminal, financeiro e tributário, enquanto o direito privado tem enfraquecido à medida que o estado cada vez mais intervém em domínios jurídicos. As críticas a esta divisão incluem a falta de precisão, a simplificação excessiva das complexidades jurídicas e a diferenciação insuficiente entre interesses individuais e coletivos. As interpretações modernas consideram a constituição como fundamento de todo o direito doméstico, obscurecendo fronteiras tradicionais e sugerindo que todo o direito potencialmente se torna público. A separação reflete a relação evolutiva entre estado e sociedade, destacando a natureza dinâmica da categorização jurídica.

3. ↑ administração. A administração é uma ciência social focada em gerir organizações, estudando princípios e práticas para alcançar objetivos nos setores público, privado e não lucrativo. Originando-se das necessidades organizacionais industriais, retira conhecimento de múltiplas disciplinas. Colaboradores-chave como Peter Drucker, Henri Fayol e Frederick Taylor desenvolveram teorias fundacionais que exploram abordagens de gestão. O campo abrange funções centrais de planeamento, organização, liderança e controlo, com administradores servindo como pontes cruciais entre recursos e objetivos. Os desafios da administração moderna incluem adaptar-se a mudanças sociais rápidas, avanços tecnológicos e crescente complexidade nas estruturas organizacionais. Envolve tomada de decisões estratégicas em diversos domínios como finanças, marketing, recursos humanos e logística. Administradores operam em ambientes diversificados, desde empresas estatais a organizações não lucrativas, utilizando ferramentas como análise SWOT e Balanced Scorecard para orientar o planeamento estratégico e avaliar desempenho.

4. ↑ jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is the legal authority to administer justice and resolve conflicts, traditionally associated with the judiciary but now encompassing various governmental bodies. It involves principles such as impartiality, inevitability and inertia, with characteristics including mandatory and universal application. Jurisdiction can be voluntary (administrative) or contentious (aimed at social pacification), and is not limited to court proceedings. Alternative methods of conflict resolution such as mediation and arbitration exist alongside court proceedings. The concept is fundamental to civil procedure, involving conditions of action such as legitimate interest and the possibility of redress. Key aspects include the power to determine legal issues, the ability to substitute the will of the parties and providing effective judicial protection as a fundamental right.

5. ↑ law. Law is a complex system of rules that regulate human behaviour through rights and duties, shaped by various social and cultural influences. Rooted in Latin and Sanskrit origins, it encompasses various legal families such as civil law and common law. The field largely distinguishes between public and private law, addressing corporate and individual interests respectively. Its foundations date back to archaic societies, with early codifications such as the Code of Ur-Namu and the Code of Hammurabi. Roman law significantly advanced legal systems, separating law from religion and morality, and developing sophisticated legal concepts. Modern law comes from multiple sources, including state legislation, international treaties and individual contracts. Courts and tribunals apply legal norms through interpretation guided by doctrine, custom and judicial precedent, reflecting the dynamic and adaptive nature of law.

6. ↑ system. A system is a complex arrangement of interconnected components working towards a common goal. Characterised by functional integration and synergy, systems can be physical or conceptual, ranging from biological organisms to organisational structures. Biological systems follow a hierarchical organisation from atomic to cosmic levels, while information systems in computer science focus on algorithmic processes. Systems interact dynamically with their environment through inputs and outputs, maintaining homeostasis through continuous communication between elements. Different types of systems exist across disciplines, including human biological systems such as digestive and nervous systems, and social systems such as economic and legal structures. The core principle underlying all systems is the interdependence of the components, where changes in one part can significantly influence the functionality and performance of the entire system.