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O Código Civil Alemão (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ou BGB), promulgado em 1900, emergiu do desejo de unificar o civil law[7] após a unificação nacional da Alemanha em 1871. Influenciado pelo Napoleonic Code[4] e pelas tradições jurídicas romanas, organiza sistematicamente os princípios jurídicos em cinco seções principais: Parte Geral, Law of Obligations[1], Direito das Coisas[5], Family Law[6] e Inheritance Law[2]. O código regula abrangentemente as relações jurídicas, abordando aspetos como legal personality[3], contratos, direitos de propriedade, dinâmicas familiares e herança. A sua estrutura proporciona um quadro coerente para interações civis, estabelecendo diretrizes claras para interações jurídicas individuais e coletivas. O BGB representa um marco significativo na história jurídica alemã, padronizando o law[8] civil em estados anteriormente fragmentados e fornecendo uma base robusta para a prática jurídica moderna.
Terms definitions
1. ↑ Law of obligations ( Law of Obligations ) Obligations in Roman Law moved from personal liability to property characteristics, with theorists such as Savigny and Brinz developing perspectives on debt, liability and credit rights. The evolution of legal thought distinguished between sources of obligations, including contracts, torts and unilateral acts, with a focus on the necessity and complexity of legal relationships. Brazilian civil law developed a comprehensive framework for obligations, categorising them as positive or negative and exploring their origins beyond mere voluntary agreements. The concept of moral damages emerged, recognising compensation for non-economic damages, while scholars such as Jhering viewed monetary reparations as multifunctional. Legal discourse emphasised the nuanced difference between debt and liability, suggesting that obligations extend beyond simple monetary transactions to encompass broader social and ethical dimensions.
2. ↑ Inheritance law ( Law of Succession ) Succession law originates from family preservation and ancestral traditions, initially focused on male inheritance and the transfer of property. Rooted in ancient civilisations and formalised through Roman legal systems, it establishes rules for the transfer of assets and obligations after an individual's death. The process begins with the death of the deceased, creating an indivisible estate managed by administrators. Heirs are categorised as legitimate or testamentary, with necessary heirs (descendants, ascendants, spouse) guaranteeing a legal share of the inheritance. Jurisdiction depends on the domicile of the deceased or the location of the assets. The law ensures the systematic transfer of rights, protecting family wealth and maintaining family continuity. Inheritance covers all assets, rights and obligations, with specific legal mechanisms regulating their distribution and management, reflecting complex social and legal considerations about the transmission of property between generations.
3. ↑ legal personality. Legal personhood refers to the capacity to possess rights and duties, inherent in all human beings regardless of individual conscience or will. Historically rooted in Roman law, where slaves were considered objects without legal rights, the concept has evolved to recognise universal human dignity. It encompasses fundamental attributes such as name, status and citizenship, beginning at live birth and ending at death. Legal personality applies to natural and legal persons, allowing individuals and entities to participate in legal relationships as subjects with rights and obligations. Property is seen as an economic extension of this concept. Doctrine distinguishes legal personality as a fundamental attribute that enables rights, rather than being a right in itself, with specific legal frameworks defining its beginning, scope and end in different jurisdictions.
4. ↑ Napoleonic Code ( Napoleonic Code ) The Napoleonic Code, enacted between 1803-1805, was a comprehensive codification of civil law that replaced the old French legal privileges with principles of legal equality. Developed under Napoleon Bonaparte, it systematically organised civil law in areas such as marriage, inheritance and property rights. Influenced by the Justinian Code and ideals of the French Revolution, the code was structured into three books covering people, property and the acquisition of property. Its innovative approach balanced traditional legal concepts with modern principles, emphasising practicality and individual property rights. The clear and accessible language of the code made the law more comprehensible to the public. Its significant impact extended beyond France, being adopted in several countries, including Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and influencing civil law systems in Switzerland, Germany and parts of North America. The Napoleonic Code represented a fundamental achievement in legal systematisation and remains a crucial milestone in the development of modern civil law.
5. ↑ Law of things ( Direito das Coisas ) Uma visão abrangente do direito de propriedade abordando princípios fundamentais de propriedade, posse e direitos. O texto explora diversos conceitos jurídicos, incluindo reificação, características da propriedade e regras de copropriedade. Detalha direitos de vizinhança, abordando questões como árvores limítrofes e passagem forçada. A discussão estende-se a hipotecas, examinando seus princípios, efeitos e quadros legais no Brasil e em Portugal. Atenção específica é dada aos direitos e limitações dos proprietários, destacando a natureza complexa dos direitos reais. O conteúdo sublinha a importância da identificação precisa da propriedade, do registo e do equilíbrio entre propriedade individual e interesses coletivos. As regulamentações legais visam fornecer diretrizes claras para transações imobiliárias, protegendo os direitos de proprietários e credores, ao estabelecer mecanismos para resolver potenciais conflitos em matérias relacionadas à propriedade.
6. ↑ Family law ( Family Law ) Family law covers legal relationships and obligations within families, dealing with marriage, divorce, child custody, adoption and domestic violence. It aims to protect and stabilise family structures, with variations between jurisdictions. Marriage is a voluntary union regulated by civil codes, defining property regimes and partnership terms. Cohabitation laws are increasingly recognising non-traditional family arrangements, addressing property rights and support. The field explores complex issues such as affective abandonment, debating emotional neglect and parental responsibilities. Professional organisations such as the Brazilian Institute of Family Law (IBDFAM) actively participate in the legal discourse, advocating reforms and interacting with various stakeholders. The discipline continually evolves, reflecting changing social norms and understanding of family dynamics, with ongoing academic discussions about legal interpretations and societal implications.
7. ↑ civil law. Civil law is a comprehensive legal system that governs private relations in various jurisdictions. Originating from Roman law (Ius Civile), it encompasses principles of ethics, sociability and operability. The system influences multiple legal traditions, including Brazilian civil law, which has undergone significant transformations through historical codifications. The Brazilian Civil Code, established in 2002 (Law No. 10.406), replaced previous legal structures and introduced progressive changes such as reducing the age of civil majority to 18, allowing parental emancipation from the age of 16 and guaranteeing equal rights for artificial and natural children. Its structure includes a General Part, a Special Part and a Complementary Part, addressing various legal domains. The code reflects evolving social norms by promoting gender equality and adapting legal definitions to contemporary social contexts, demonstrating the dynamic nature of civil law in regulating citizens' interactions and rights.
8. ↑ law. Law is a complex system of rules that regulate human behaviour through rights and duties, shaped by various social and cultural influences. Rooted in Latin and Sanskrit origins, it encompasses various legal families such as civil law and common law. The field largely distinguishes between public and private law, addressing corporate and individual interests respectively. Its foundations date back to archaic societies, with early codifications such as the Code of Ur-Namu and the Code of Hammurabi. Roman law significantly advanced legal systems, separating law from religion and morality, and developing sophisticated legal concepts. Modern law comes from multiple sources, including state legislation, international treaties and individual contracts. Courts and tribunals apply legal norms through interpretation guided by doctrine, custom and judicial precedent, reflecting the dynamic and adaptive nature of law.
O Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (or BGB) é o código civil of Germany. Em desenvolvimento desde 1881, tornou-se efetivo a 1º de janeiro de 1900 e foi considerado um projeto grandioso e inovador.
Capa de versão de 1896 do BGB
O BGB serviu como um modelo para os códigos civis de várias outras jurisdições de roman-germanic law, incluindo Portugal, Estónia, Letónia, República da China, Japão, Tailândia, Coreia do Sul, Grécia, Ucrânia, Angola e Brasil.
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