Roman citizenship

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A cidadania romana era um estatuto jurídico e social complexo que evoluiu ao longo do tempo, concedendo significativos privilégios políticos e legais aos seus detentores. Inicialmente restrita aos romanos nativos, a cidadania gradualmente se expandiu para incluir itálicos e, eventualmente, todos os súditos imperiais através da Constitution[1] Antonina. Os cidadãos gozavam de direitos como participar em assembleias políticas, acessar cargos públicos e usar mecanismos de civil law[2]. A cidadania podia ser adquirida através do serviço militar, investimento ou como recompensa por mérito, distinguindo indivíduos dos peregrini (estrangeiros) que inicialmente careciam de direitos políticos. O system[4] transformou-se de uma divisão estrita entre cidadãos e não cidadãos para um quadro mais inclusivo, com a legislação de Justiniano eliminando ultimately as distinções de classe entre os súditos imperiais. Esta progressão refletia a estratégia politics[3] de Roma de integração e coesão social através da cidadania.

Terms definitions
1. Constitution ( Constitution ) Constitutions are fundamental legal documents that define government structures, rights and principles. They can be rigid or flexible, existing at national, regional or local levels, and are created by a sovereign constituent power. Constitutional reforms are typically carried out by a derived constituent power with specific limitations. Key features include protecting fundamental rights, establishing state mechanisms and maintaining legal supremacy. Control mechanisms ensure constitutional compliance through diffuse and concentrated review processes. Most democratic constitutions are developed through constituent assemblies and include provisions that protect core normative elements. International influences, particularly from the American and French revolutions, have shaped modern constitutional theory. Notably, some constitutions such as India's are extensively detailed, with hundreds of articles and amendments. The principle of constitutional unity emphasises the harmonious interpretation of legal principles, resolving potential conflicts through balanced approaches.
2. civil law. Civil law is a comprehensive legal system that governs private relations in various jurisdictions. Originating from Roman law (Ius Civile), it encompasses principles of ethics, sociability and operability. The system influences multiple legal traditions, including Brazilian civil law, which has undergone significant transformations through historical codifications. The Brazilian Civil Code, established in 2002 (Law No. 10.406), replaced previous legal structures and introduced progressive changes such as reducing the age of civil majority to 18, allowing parental emancipation from the age of 16 and guaranteeing equal rights for artificial and natural children. Its structure includes a General Part, a Special Part and a Complementary Part, addressing various legal domains. The code reflects evolving social norms by promoting gender equality and adapting legal definitions to contemporary social contexts, demonstrating the dynamic nature of civil law in regulating citizens' interactions and rights.
Roman citizenship (Wikipedia)

O status of cidadão romano (em Latin: civitas) pertencia aos membros da comunidade politics romana na qualidade de cidadãos da cidade of Roma (civis romanus). Não era uma condição vinculada à residência em um dos domínios do Império Romano até a Constituição Antonina, emanada pelo imperador Caracala in 212 d.C., que concedia a citizenship a todas as populações que habitavam territórios dentro dos limites do império.

Estátua de jovem romano usando toga (20-30). A toga denota sua condição de cidadão romano.
Gliptoteca de Munique

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