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{"id":1264,"date":"2024-12-05T20:38:42","date_gmt":"2024-12-05T21:38:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/glossary\/renascenca\/"},"modified":"2024-12-05T20:38:42","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T21:38:42","slug":"renascenca","status":"publish","type":"glossary","link":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/renascenca\/","title":{"rendered":"Renaissance"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>O Renascimento, abrangendo os s&eacute;culos XIV a XVI, foi um per&iacute;odo transformador na hist&oacute;ria europeia caracterizado por profundas mudan&ccedil;as culturais, societais e intelectuais. Emergindo principalmente em It&aacute;lia, particularmente na Toscana, marcou uma transi&ccedil;&atilde;o do pensamento medieval para o moderno, enfatizando o <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/humanismo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">humanismo<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>, a racionalidade e a criatividade individual. Os principais desenvolvimentos inclu&iacute;ram um renovado interesse pela antiguidade cl&aacute;ssica, inova&ccedil;&atilde;o cient&iacute;fica e explora&ccedil;&atilde;o filos&oacute;fica. Pensadores humanistas desafiaram o dogmatismo religioso, reexaminaram textos antigos e promoveram a an&aacute;lise emp&iacute;rica. Figuras como Pico della Mirandola reimaginaram o potencial humano, enquanto estudiosos e artistas se afastaram das tradi&ccedil;&otilde;es medievais. A era testemunhou avan&ccedil;os significativos em matem&aacute;tica, astronomia e impress&atilde;o, facilitados pelo dinamismo econ&oacute;mico e flexibilidade social. Apesar da sua aparente progressividade, o Renascimento foi complexo e contradit&oacute;rio, abrangendo tanto vis&otilde;es idealistas quanto realidades brutais, estabelecendo em &uacute;ltima an&aacute;lise os alicerces da <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/civilizacao\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">civilisation<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> europeia moderna.<\/p>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnotes-block\"><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header\">Terms definitions<\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header-border\"><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">1. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/civilizacao\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">civilisation<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The concept of civilisation encompasses complex socio-cultural transformations driven by technological revolutions, representing dynamic changes in human social organisation. Civilisations are characterised by unique cultural identities, encompassing distinct ideas, customs, arts and manufacturing practices that tend to spread and influence other cultural spheres. Scholars such as Samuel Huntington and Darcy Ribeiro have proposed different frameworks for understanding civilisational development, identifying multiple cultural zones and historical trajectories. These perspectives explore how societies evolve through technological, social and cultural changes, highlighting the non-linear nature of human progression. The study of civilisations involves analysing processes of cultural hegemony, social self-regulation and potential conflicts arising from ideological and cultural differences. The concept goes beyond mere social structures, representing broader cultural identity and encompassing intricate patterns of human interaction and transformation. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">2. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/humanismo\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">humanismo<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> O humanismo \u00e9 uma vis\u00e3o de mundo filos\u00f3fica e \u00e9tica que enfatiza a dignidade, a autonomia e o progresso humano. Enraizado no pensamento greco-romano antigo, emergiu proeminentemente durante o Renascimento e o Iluminismo, rejeitando explica\u00e7\u00f5es sobrenaturais em favor da raz\u00e3o e da ci\u00eancia. A abordagem foca no potencial humano, na liberdade individual e no bem-estar coletivo, promovendo valores democr\u00e1ticos e direitos humanos. O humanismo abrange v\u00e1rias perspetivas, incluindo abordagens filos\u00f3ficas, religiosas, naturalistas e \u00e9ticas, todas centradas em melhorar as condi\u00e7\u00f5es sociais e compreender a experi\u00eancia humana. Embora valorize a autonomia individual, tamb\u00e9m reconhece contextos sociais mais amplos. Historicamente influenciado por pensadores como Prot\u00e1goras, C\u00edcero e posteriores fil\u00f3sofos iluministas, o humanismo desafia narrativas religiosas tradicionais e defende abordagens seculares e racionais para compreender a exist\u00eancia humana. Organiza\u00e7\u00f5es humanistas contempor\u00e2neas continuam a promover estes princ\u00edpios globalmente, enfatizando o pensamento cr\u00edtico, os direitos humanos e pol\u00edticas sociais progressistas. <\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-bottom-border\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O Renascimento, abrangendo os s&eacute;culos XIV a XVI, foi um per&iacute;odo transformador na hist&oacute;ria europeia caracterizado por profundas mudan&ccedil;as culturais, societais e intelectuais. Emergindo principalmente em It&aacute;lia, particularmente na Toscana, marcou uma transi&ccedil;&atilde;o do pensamento medieval para o moderno, enfatizando o humanismo, a racionalidade e a criatividade individual. Os principais desenvolvimentos inclu&iacute;ram um renovado interesse [&hellip;]<\/p>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnotes-block\">\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header\">Terms definitions<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header-border\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">1. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/civilizacao\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">civilisation<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> O conceito de civiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o abarca transforma&ccedil;&otilde;es socioculturais complexas impulsionadas por revolu&ccedil;&otilde;es tecnol&oacute;gicas, representando mudan&ccedil;as din&acirc;micas na organiza&ccedil;&atilde;o social humana. As civiliza&ccedil;&otilde;es s&atilde;o caracterizadas por identidades culturais &uacute;nicas, englobando ideias, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/customs\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>customs<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink6-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink6\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>, artes e pr&aacute;ticas de manufatura distintas que tendem a se espalhar e influenciar outras esferas culturais. Estudiosos como Samuel Huntington e Darcy Ribeiro propuseram diferentes estruturas para compreender o desenvolvimento civilizacional, identificando m&uacute;ltiplas zonas culturais e trajet&oacute;rias hist&oacute;ricas. Essas perspetivas exploram como as sociedades evoluem atrav&eacute;s de mudan&ccedil;as tecnol&oacute;gicas, sociais e culturais, destacando a natureza n&atilde;o linear da progress&atilde;o humana. O estudo das civiliza&ccedil;&otilde;es envolve analisar processos de hegemonia cultural, autorregula&ccedil;&atilde;o social e potenciais conflitos decorrentes de diferen&ccedil;as ideol&oacute;gicas e culturais. O conceito vai al&eacute;m das meras estruturas sociais, representando a identidade cultural mais ampla e abrangendo padr&otilde;es intrincados de intera&ccedil;&atilde;o e transforma&ccedil;&atilde;o humana. <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">2. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/humanismo\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">humanismo<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> O humanismo &eacute; uma vis&atilde;o de mundo filos&oacute;fica e &eacute;tica que enfatiza a dignidade, a autonomia e o progresso humano. Enraizado no pensamento greco-romano antigo, emergiu proeminentemente durante o Renascimento e o <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/enlightenment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Enlightenment<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink5-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink5\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>, rejeitando explica&ccedil;&otilde;es sobrenaturais em favor da <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/reason\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>reason<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink7-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink7\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> e da ci&ecirc;ncia. A abordagem foca no potencial humano, na liberdade individual e no bem-estar coletivo, promovendo valores democr&aacute;ticos e <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/human-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">human rights<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink4-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink4\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>. O humanismo abrange v&aacute;rias perspetivas, incluindo abordagens filos&oacute;ficas, religiosas, naturalistas e &eacute;ticas, todas centradas em melhorar as condi&ccedil;&otilde;es sociais e compreender a experi&ecirc;ncia humana. Embora valorize a autonomia individual, tamb&eacute;m reconhece contextos sociais mais amplos. Historicamente influenciado por pensadores como Prot&aacute;goras, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/cicero\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>C&iacute;cero<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink8-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink8\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> e posteriores fil&oacute;sofos iluministas, o humanismo desafia narrativas religiosas tradicionais e defende abordagens seculares e racionais para compreender a exist&ecirc;ncia humana. Organiza&ccedil;&otilde;es humanistas contempor&acirc;neas continuam a promover estes princ&iacute;pios globalmente, enfatizando o <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/pensamento-critico\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">pensamento cr&iacute;tico<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>, os direitos humanos e pol&iacute;ticas sociais progressistas. <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-bottom-border\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnotes-block\"><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header\">Terms definitions<\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header-border\"><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">1. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/civilizacao\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">civilisation<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The concept of civilisation encompasses complex socio-cultural transformations driven by technological revolutions, representing dynamic changes in human social organisation. Civilisations are characterised by unique cultural identities, encompassing distinct ideas, customs, arts and manufacturing practices that tend to spread and influence other cultural spheres. Scholars such as Samuel Huntington and Darcy Ribeiro have proposed different frameworks for understanding civilisational development, identifying multiple cultural zones and historical trajectories. These perspectives explore how societies evolve through technological, social and cultural changes, highlighting the non-linear nature of human progression. The study of civilisations involves analysing processes of cultural hegemony, social self-regulation and potential conflicts arising from ideological and cultural differences. The concept goes beyond mere social structures, representing broader cultural identity and encompassing intricate patterns of human interaction and transformation. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">2. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/humanismo\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">humanismo<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> O humanismo \u00e9 uma vis\u00e3o de mundo filos\u00f3fica e \u00e9tica que enfatiza a dignidade, a autonomia e o progresso humano. Enraizado no pensamento greco-romano antigo, emergiu proeminentemente durante o Renascimento e o Iluminismo, rejeitando explica\u00e7\u00f5es sobrenaturais em favor da raz\u00e3o e da ci\u00eancia. A abordagem foca no potencial humano, na liberdade individual e no bem-estar coletivo, promovendo valores democr\u00e1ticos e direitos humanos. O humanismo abrange v\u00e1rias perspetivas, incluindo abordagens filos\u00f3ficas, religiosas, naturalistas e \u00e9ticas, todas centradas em melhorar as condi\u00e7\u00f5es sociais e compreender a experi\u00eancia humana. Embora valorize a autonomia individual, tamb\u00e9m reconhece contextos sociais mais amplos. Historicamente influenciado por pensadores como Prot\u00e1goras, C\u00edcero e posteriores fil\u00f3sofos iluministas, o humanismo desafia narrativas religiosas tradicionais e defende abordagens seculares e racionais para compreender a exist\u00eancia humana. Organiza\u00e7\u00f5es humanistas contempor\u00e2neas continuam a promover estes princ\u00edpios globalmente, enfatizando o pensamento cr\u00edtico, os direitos humanos e pol\u00edticas sociais progressistas. <\/span><\/div><button class=\"cmtt-footnote-showmore-btn\">Show more<\/button><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">3. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/pensamento-critico\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">pensamento cr\u00edtico<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> O pensamento cr\u00edtico \u00e9 um processo cognitivo enraizado na filosofia grega antiga, particularmente no m\u00e9todo socr\u00e1tico de questionar e examinar pressupostos. Envolve racioc\u00ednio ativo e disciplinado que vai al\u00e9m da aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o de conhecimento para analisar e avaliar criticamente a informa\u00e7\u00e3o. Esta abordagem requer habilidades como pensamento sistem\u00e1tico, abertura mental e racioc\u00ednio anal\u00edtico. Diferentemente das medidas tradicionais de intelig\u00eancia, o pensamento cr\u00edtico abrange argumenta\u00e7\u00e3o l\u00f3gica, investiga\u00e7\u00e3o epistemol\u00f3gica e a capacidade de distinguir entre afirma\u00e7\u00f5es l\u00f3gicas e il\u00f3gicas. Envolve m\u00faltiplas abordagens de racioc\u00ednio como dedu\u00e7\u00e3o, indu\u00e7\u00e3o e abdu\u00e7\u00e3o. Em contextos educacionais, o pensamento cr\u00edtico \u00e9 crucial para o envolvimento intelectual, constru\u00e7\u00e3o do conhecimento e desenvolvimento do pensamento independente. Ao mesmo tempo em que aprimora o desempenho acad\u00e9mico, a tomada de decis\u00f5es e a comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, tamb\u00e9m enfrenta desafios na defini\u00e7\u00e3o, mensura\u00e7\u00e3o e potenciais vieses culturais. Definitivamente, o pensamento cr\u00edtico \u00e9 uma habilidade cognitiva complexa que promove compreens\u00e3o mais profunda e interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o mais matizada da informa\u00e7\u00e3o. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink4\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">4. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink4-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/human-rights\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">human rights<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Human rights are fundamental freedoms and protections inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, gender, nationality or status. Rooted in the philosophical traditions of natural rights and social contract theories, they encompass civil, political, economic, social and cultural dimensions. The modern model of human rights emerged after the Second World War, with the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights serving as its cornerstone. International and regional systems such as the European Convention on Human Rights and the Inter-American Commission have developed mechanisms to monitor and enforce these rights. Key organisations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch advocate globally for human dignity. Contemporary challenges include addressing ongoing violations, balancing universal principles with cultural contexts and confronting emerging issues such as digital rights and environmental protections. The field continues to evolve, reflecting complex global dynamics of justice, equality and human dignity. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink5\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">5. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink5-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/enlightenment\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Enlightenment<\/a> ( Enlightenment ) <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that lasted from around 1715 to 1789, characterised by an emphasis on reason, the scientific method and individual freedom. Philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, Kant and Locke challenged religious orthodoxy and traditional authority, promoting empiricism and rational thought. Key developments included challenging monarchical power, introducing concepts of natural rights and advancing scientific understanding. Cartesian rationalism and Lockian empiricism provided philosophical foundations, with thinkers distinguishing between moderate (accommodative) and radical (democratic) approaches. The movement had a significant impact on political theory, introducing ideas about social contracts, religious tolerance and the separation of church and state. Important publications such as the Encyclopaedia disseminated Enlightenment ideas, subsequently influencing political revolutions and intellectual movements in Europe and America, and laying the foundations for modern principles of liberal democracy. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink6\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">6. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink6-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/customs\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">customs<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Customs are social rules stemming from repeated practices in a specific cultural context, characterised by objective (corpus consuetudo) and subjective (animus) elements. They reflect the psychological conviction of behavioural obligations in different societies. These practices cover various domains, including legal, social and anthropological perspectives. Examples range from traditional behaviours to potential criminal activities, such as curandeirismo and capoeira. Legally, customs distinguish between habitual and typical offences, focusing on the social perception of the practices. Sociologically, they represent essential values and transmit cultural norms that define acceptable behaviour. Customs are intrinsically linked to broader concepts such as habitus, customary law and legal anthropology, demonstrating how social practices evolve and become normalised within specific cultural frameworks. They serve as a lens through which societies understand and categorise human behaviour. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink7\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">7. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink7-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/reason\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">reason<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Reason is the capacity of the human mind to draw conclusions through rational thought and deliberation. Derived from the Greek \"logos\", it represents orderly and clear cognitive processes that distinguish humans from other species. Philosophers such as Socrates, Hegel and Kant have explored the nature of reason, variably seeing it as a dialogical method, a divine historical force or a faculty with inherent limitations. Unlike decision-making based on emotion, intuition or faith, reason seeks truth through logical analysis and understanding. It involves understanding the primary qualities of objects, expressing thoughts consciously and solving complex problems. Throughout philosophical history, reason has been contrasted with imagination and other mental faculties, but it remains a fundamental tool for intellectual enquiry and understanding the underlying principles of the world. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink8\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">8. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink8-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/cicero\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Cicero<\/a> ( C\u00edcero ) <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Marco T\u00falio C\u00edcero foi um proeminente estadista, fil\u00f3sofo, advogado e orador romano que viveu de 106 a 43 a.C. Nascido em \u00c1rpino numa fam\u00edlia equestre abastada, ascendeu a c\u00f4nsul da Rep\u00fablica Romana em 63 a.C., suprimindo famosamente a Conspira\u00e7\u00e3o de Catilina. Como figura pol\u00edtica, defendeu a restaura\u00e7\u00e3o da Rep\u00fablica ap\u00f3s a morte de J\u00falio C\u00e9sar, o que ultimately levou \u00e0 sua proscri\u00e7\u00e3o e execu\u00e7\u00e3o pelo Segundo Triunvirato. C\u00edcero fez contribui\u00e7\u00f5es significativas para a filosofia latina, criando novo vocabul\u00e1rio e introduzindo escolas filos\u00f3ficas gregas na vida intelectual romana. Suas habilidades orat\u00f3rias e escritos foram altamente influentes, fornecendo insights cruciais sobre a Rep\u00fablica Romana tardia. Desenvolveu um robusto l\u00e9xico filos\u00f3fico latino e escreveu extensivamente sobre t\u00f3picos pol\u00edticos e filos\u00f3ficos. A redescoberta das cartas de C\u00edcero por Petrarca \u00e9 considerada um momento pivotal no Renascimento, e seu trabalho continuou a inspirar pensadores do Iluminismo como Locke e Hume. <\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-bottom-border\"><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"glossary-categories":[],"glossary-tags":[],"glossary-languages":[],"class_list":["post-1264","glossary","type-glossary","status-publish","hentry"],"post_title":"Renascen\u00e7a","post_content":"O Renascimento, abrangendo os s\u00e9culos XIV a XVI, foi um per\u00edodo transformador na hist\u00f3ria europeia caracterizado por profundas mudan\u00e7as culturais, societais e intelectuais. Emergindo principalmente em It\u00e1lia, particularmente na Toscana, marcou uma transi\u00e7\u00e3o do pensamento medieval para o moderno, enfatizando o humanismo, a racionalidade e a criatividade individual. Os principais desenvolvimentos inclu\u00edram um renovado interesse pela antiguidade cl\u00e1ssica, inova\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica e explora\u00e7\u00e3o filos\u00f3fica. Pensadores humanistas desafiaram o dogmatismo religioso, reexaminaram textos antigos e promoveram a an\u00e1lise emp\u00edrica. Figuras como Pico della Mirandola reimaginaram o potencial humano, enquanto estudiosos e artistas se afastaram das tradi\u00e7\u00f5es medievais. A era testemunhou avan\u00e7os significativos em matem\u00e1tica, astronomia e impress\u00e3o, facilitados pelo dinamismo econ\u00f3mico e flexibilidade social. Apesar da sua aparente progressividade, o Renascimento foi complexo e contradit\u00f3rio, abrangendo tanto vis\u00f5es idealistas quanto realidades brutais, estabelecendo em \u00faltima an\u00e1lise os alicerces da civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o europeia moderna.","acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1264"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/glossary"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1264\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1264"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"glossary-categories","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-categories?post=1264"},{"taxonomy":"glossary-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-tags?post=1264"},{"taxonomy":"glossary-languages","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-languages?post=1264"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}