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{"id":1263,"date":"2024-12-05T20:38:42","date_gmt":"2024-12-05T21:38:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/glossary\/burguesia\/"},"modified":"2024-12-05T20:38:42","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T21:38:42","slug":"burguesia","status":"publish","type":"glossary","link":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/bourgeoisie\/","title":{"rendered":"Bourgeoisie"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>O termo burguesia originou-se do <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/latin\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Latin<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> &ldquo;burgus&rdquo;, referindo-se aos habitantes da cidade que emergiram como uma classe social distinta durante a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/idade-media\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Middle Ages<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>. Inicialmente detentores de direitos e privil&eacute;gios urbanos, os burgueses evolu&iacute;ram de cidad&atilde;os medievais para uma poderosa for&ccedil;a econ&oacute;mica e <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/politics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">politics<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>. Sua ascens&atilde;o acompanhou o decl&iacute;nio dos sistemas feudais, com os burgueses progressivamente controlando a governan&ccedil;a urbana, atividades econ&oacute;micas e institui&ccedil;&otilde;es sociais. A teoria marxista posteriormente caracterizou a burguesia como a classe capitalista propriet&aacute;ria dos meios de produ&ccedil;&atilde;o, posicionada em oposi&ccedil;&atilde;o ao proletariado. O conceito permanece complexo e multifacetado, abrangendo diversos grupos sociais em diferentes contextos hist&oacute;ricos e regionais. A transforma&ccedil;&atilde;o da burguesia reflete mudan&ccedil;as socioecon&oacute;micas mais amplas, desde a cidadania urbana medieval at&eacute; uma classe econ&oacute;mica global definida pela riqueza, propriedade e influ&ecirc;ncia social.<\/p>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnotes-block\"><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header\">Terms definitions<\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header-border\"><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">1. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/idade-media\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Middle Ages<\/a> ( Middle Ages ) <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The Middle Ages, traditionally defined as between 476 and 1500 AD, represent a complex historical period characterised by significant societal transformations. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, new kingdoms emerged through migration and cultural integration. The era is divided into the High and Low Middle Ages, with the former marked by demographic growth, feudalism and cultural achievements such as Gothic cathedrals, while the latter experienced challenges such as wars, famines and the Black Death. Initially seen as a \"Dark Age\", modern scholarship re-evaluates the period as a dynamic time of cultural and technological development. Key features included religious fervour, territorial expansions, changes in trade networks and interactions between different civilisations such as Byzantine, Islamic and the emerging European kingdoms. The period finally transitioned into the Renaissance, representing a critical phase in European historical evolution. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">2. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/politics\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">politics<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Politics is a multifaceted field that explores governance, power dynamics and social organisation. Originating from the ancient Greek term \"politeia\", it examines the structures and processes of state management. Political power is characterised by its ability to influence social outcomes through mechanisms of legitimacy, centralisation and coercion. Various political systems, from democracies to monarchies, operate through complex institutions such as legislatures, executives and judiciaries. Different ideological perspectives - including liberalism, conservatism and socialism - shape the understanding of state functions, individual rights and social relations. International politics further expands this domain, analysing global interactions, diplomatic relations and transnational governance. Theories of political change, power distribution and institutional structures provide critical insights into how societies organise, govern and transform themselves through political processes and philosophical debates. <\/span><\/div><button class=\"cmtt-footnote-showmore-btn\">Show more<\/button><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">3. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/latin\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Latin<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originating in Latium, Rome, which became the official language of the Roman Republic, Empire and Catholic Church. Characterised by its flexible syntax, Latin evolved through various historical stages, from pre-literary to classical periods. Vulgar Latin formed the basis for modern Romance languages such as Italian, Spanish and French. Although it is no longer spoken natively, Latin has remained significant in ecclesiastical and academic contexts, serving as the lingua franca of the Western world for over a millennium. Its alphabet became globally prevalent, and significantly influenced vocabulary in science, law and academia. Despite becoming a \"dead language\", Latin's legacy lives on through its extensive linguistic contributions, continued use in Vatican administrative processes and its foundational role in Western intellectual and cultural traditions. <\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-bottom-border\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O termo burguesia originou-se do latim &ldquo;burgus&rdquo;, referindo-se aos habitantes da cidade que emergiram como uma classe social distinta durante a Idade M&eacute;dia. Inicialmente detentores de direitos e privil&eacute;gios urbanos, os burgueses evolu&iacute;ram de cidad&atilde;os medievais para uma poderosa for&ccedil;a econ&oacute;mica e pol&iacute;tica. Sua ascens&atilde;o acompanhou o decl&iacute;nio dos sistemas feudais, com os burgueses progressivamente [&hellip;]<\/p>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnotes-block\">\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header\">Terms definitions<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header-border\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">1. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/idade-media\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Middle Ages<\/a> ( Idade M&eacute;dia ) <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> A Idade M&eacute;dia, tradicionalmente definida entre 476 e 1500 d.C., representa um per&iacute;odo hist&oacute;rico complexo caracterizado por significativas transforma&ccedil;&otilde;es societ&aacute;rias. Ap&oacute;s a queda do <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/imperio-romano\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Roman Empire<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink4-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink4\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> do Ocidente, novos reinos emergiram atrav&eacute;s de migra&ccedil;&otilde;es e integra&ccedil;&otilde;es culturais. A era &eacute; dividida em Alta e Baixa Idade M&eacute;dia, sendo a primeira marcada pelo crescimento demogr&aacute;fico, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/feudalism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">feudalism<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink8-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink8\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> e conquistas culturais como catedrais g&oacute;ticas, enquanto a segunda experimentou desafios como guerras, fomes e a Peste Negra. Inicialmente vista como uma &ldquo;Era das Trevas&rdquo;, a erudi&ccedil;&atilde;o moderna reavalia o per&iacute;odo como um tempo din&acirc;mico de desenvolvimento cultural e tecnol&oacute;gico. Caracter&iacute;sticas-chave inclu&iacute;am fervor religioso, expans&otilde;es territoriais, mudan&ccedil;as nas redes comerciais e intera&ccedil;&otilde;es entre diferentes civiliza&ccedil;&otilde;es como a Bizantina, Isl&acirc;mica e os emergentes reinos europeus. O per&iacute;odo finalmente transitou para o Renascimento, representando uma fase cr&iacute;tica da evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o hist&oacute;rica europeia. <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">2. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/politics\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">politics<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Politics is a multifaceted field that explores governance, power dynamics and social organisation. Originating from the term <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/ancient-greek\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">ancient greek<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink6-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink6\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> \"politeia\" examines the structures and processes of state management. Political power is characterised by its ability to influence social outcomes through mechanisms of legitimacy, centralisation and coercion. Various political systems, from democracies to monarchies, operate through complex institutions such as legislatures, executives and judiciaries. Different ideological perspectives - including liberalism, conservatism and socialism - shape the understanding of the functions of the judiciary. <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/state\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>state<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink9-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink9\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>, individual rights and social relations. International politics further expands this domain, analysing global interactions, diplomatic relations and transnational governance. Theories of political change, power distribution and institutional structures provide critical insights into how societies organise, govern and transform themselves through political processes and philosophical debates. <\/span><\/div>\n<p><button class=\"cmtt-footnote-showmore-btn\">Show more<\/button><\/p>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">3. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/latin\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Latin<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> O latim &eacute; uma l&iacute;ngua indo-europeia antiga origin&aacute;ria do L&aacute;cio, Roma, que se tornou a l&iacute;ngua oficial da <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/republica-romana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Rep&uacute;blica Romana<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink5-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink5\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>, Imp&eacute;rio e Igreja Cat&oacute;lica. Caracterizado por sua sintaxe flexiva, o latim evoluiu atrav&eacute;s de v&aacute;rios est&aacute;gios hist&oacute;ricos, desde per&iacute;odos pr&eacute;-liter&aacute;rios at&eacute; cl&aacute;ssicos. O <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/latim-vulgar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">latim vulgar<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink7-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink7\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> formou a base para as l&iacute;nguas rom&acirc;nicas modernas como italiano, espanhol e franc&ecirc;s. Embora n&atilde;o seja mais falado nativamente, o latim permaneceu significativo em contextos eclesi&aacute;sticos e acad&eacute;micos, servindo como l&iacute;ngua franca do mundo ocidental por mais de um mil&eacute;nio. Seu alfabeto tornou-se globalmente prevalente, e influenciou significativamente o vocabul&aacute;rio na ci&ecirc;ncia, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/law-2\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>law<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink10-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink10\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> e academia. Apesar de se tornar uma &ldquo;l&iacute;ngua morta&rdquo;, o legado do latim continua atrav&eacute;s de suas amplas contribui&ccedil;&otilde;es lingu&iacute;sticas, uso continuado nos processos administrativos do Vaticano e seu papel fundacional nas tradi&ccedil;&otilde;es intelectuais e culturais ocidentais. <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-bottom-border\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnotes-block\"><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header\">Terms definitions<\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header-border\"><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">1. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/idade-media\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Middle Ages<\/a> ( Middle Ages ) <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The Middle Ages, traditionally defined as between 476 and 1500 AD, represent a complex historical period characterised by significant societal transformations. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, new kingdoms emerged through migration and cultural integration. The era is divided into the High and Low Middle Ages, with the former marked by demographic growth, feudalism and cultural achievements such as Gothic cathedrals, while the latter experienced challenges such as wars, famines and the Black Death. Initially seen as a \"Dark Age\", modern scholarship re-evaluates the period as a dynamic time of cultural and technological development. Key features included religious fervour, territorial expansions, changes in trade networks and interactions between different civilisations such as Byzantine, Islamic and the emerging European kingdoms. The period finally transitioned into the Renaissance, representing a critical phase in European historical evolution. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">2. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/politics\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">politics<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Politics is a multifaceted field that explores governance, power dynamics and social organisation. Originating from the ancient Greek term \"politeia\", it examines the structures and processes of state management. Political power is characterised by its ability to influence social outcomes through mechanisms of legitimacy, centralisation and coercion. Various political systems, from democracies to monarchies, operate through complex institutions such as legislatures, executives and judiciaries. Different ideological perspectives - including liberalism, conservatism and socialism - shape the understanding of state functions, individual rights and social relations. International politics further expands this domain, analysing global interactions, diplomatic relations and transnational governance. Theories of political change, power distribution and institutional structures provide critical insights into how societies organise, govern and transform themselves through political processes and philosophical debates. <\/span><\/div><button class=\"cmtt-footnote-showmore-btn\">Show more<\/button><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">3. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/latin\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Latin<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originating in Latium, Rome, which became the official language of the Roman Republic, Empire and Catholic Church. Characterised by its flexible syntax, Latin evolved through various historical stages, from pre-literary to classical periods. Vulgar Latin formed the basis for modern Romance languages such as Italian, Spanish and French. Although it is no longer spoken natively, Latin has remained significant in ecclesiastical and academic contexts, serving as the lingua franca of the Western world for over a millennium. Its alphabet became globally prevalent, and significantly influenced vocabulary in science, law and academia. Despite becoming a \"dead language\", Latin's legacy lives on through its extensive linguistic contributions, continued use in Vatican administrative processes and its foundational role in Western intellectual and cultural traditions. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink4\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">4. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink4-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/imperio-romano\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Roman Empire<\/a> ( Roman Empire ) <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The Roman Empire evolved from a republic into an expansive and complex civilisation that spanned several centuries. Initially expanding from the Italian peninsula through military conquests, it developed sophisticated administrative and legal systems. The transition from republic to empire took place under Augustus, who established imperial governance and began the Principate period. Throughout its history, the empire experienced significant political transformations, including periods of stability under the \"Good Emperors\" and subsequent crises. Roman society was characterised by advanced infrastructure, a robust economy based on agriculture and trade, and a sophisticated legal system. Latin served as the main administrative language, and Roman culture strongly influenced architecture, law and social structures. The empire's territorial high point occurred under Trajan, with its western territories ultimately falling to barbarian invasions in 476 AD, while the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) continued until 1453. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink5\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">5. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink5-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/republica-romana\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Roman Republic<\/a> ( Rep\u00fablica Romana ) <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> A Rep\u00fablica Romana (509-27 AC) foi um sistema pol\u00edtico complexo caracterizado por c\u00f4nsules eleitos anualmente e uma sociedade hier\u00e1rquica marcada por tens\u00f5es entre patr\u00edcios e plebeus. Inicialmente centrada na It\u00e1lia central, expandiu-se atrav\u00e9s do Mediterr\u00e2neo por conquistas militares, incorporando territ\u00f3rios no Norte da \u00c1frica, Ib\u00e9ria, Gr\u00e9cia e al\u00e9m. A evolu\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica viu os plebeus gradualmente ganhando poder legislativo atrav\u00e9s de reformas, criando institui\u00e7\u00f5es como tribunos e assembleias. A rep\u00fablica experimentou conflitos sociais significativos, incluindo disputas sobre propriedade de terra e representa\u00e7\u00e3o, exemplificados pelas tentativas de reformas populistas dos irm\u00e3os Graco. Tens\u00f5es internas e l\u00edderes individuais poderosos como M\u00e1rio, Sula, C\u00e9sar e, por fim, Otaviano (Augusto) enfraqueceram gradualmente as institui\u00e7\u00f5es republicanas. Apesar de marcos legais, a rep\u00fablica era cada vez mais dominada por figuras pol\u00edticas influentes. A transi\u00e7\u00e3o para o Principado, embora n\u00e3o abolindo formalmente a rep\u00fablica, transformou fundamentalmente sua governan\u00e7a, marcando o fim do sistema republicano tradicional. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink6\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">6. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink6-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/ancient-greek\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">ancient greek<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Ancient Greek was a significant language in European education from the Renaissance to the early 20th century, particularly valued in American universities and academic circles. Studied widely in schools and universities across Europe, it has remained an important academic subject. Although modern authors rarely write in Ancient Greek, some translations and academic works continue to use the language. In Greece, Ancient Greek is a compulsory subject in secondary schools, with international competitions promoting its study. Globally, approximately 15,000 students in Germany and 280,000 in Italy studied the language in the mid-2000s. Numerous academic resources, including textbooks, dictionaries and linguistic studies, support its continued academic relevance. Online platforms and digital resources have additionally facilitated the study and preservation of Ancient Greek, ensuring its continued academic and cultural significance. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink7\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">7. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink7-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/latim-vulgar\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">latim vulgar<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> O Latim Vulgar, o dialeto vern\u00e1culo falado no imp\u00e9rio romano ocidental dos s\u00e9culos II ao V d.C., serviu como funda\u00e7\u00e3o lingu\u00edstica para as l\u00ednguas rom\u00e2nicas modernas. Caracterizado por mudan\u00e7as significativas em vocabul\u00e1rio, gram\u00e1tica e pron\u00fancia, diferiu marcadamente do Latim Cl\u00e1ssico. Varia\u00e7\u00f5es regionais emergiram, influenciadas por l\u00ednguas locais como Gaul\u00eas e Grego. A l\u00edngua passou por simplifica\u00e7\u00e3o, com formas verbais tornando-se mais diretas e novas forma\u00e7\u00f5es de palavras usando sufixos espec\u00edficos. Coexistindo com o Latim Cl\u00e1ssico, o Latim Vulgar gradualmente evoluiu para l\u00ednguas rom\u00e2nicas distintas, preservando elementos latinos essenciais enquanto incorporava influ\u00eancias lingu\u00edsticas locais. Estudos acad\u00e9micos, como o Appendix Probi, forneceram perspetivas sobre suas varia\u00e7\u00f5es ortogr\u00e1ficas e desenvolvimento lingu\u00edstico. Esta forma transit\u00f3ria de Latim representa uma fase crucial na evolu\u00e7\u00e3o das l\u00ednguas europeias, fazendo a ponte entre a antiguidade cl\u00e1ssica e as estruturas lingu\u00edsticas medievais e modernas. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink8\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">8. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink8-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/feudalism\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">feudalism<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The decline of the Roman Empire led to political fragmentation and the emergence of feudalism. Germanic tribes settled within imperial territories, transforming social structures. Manorial systems developed with rural estates centred on lords and peasants, characterised by self-sufficient economies and limited trade. Feudal political organisation was marked by hierarchical relationships between lords, vassals and serfs, with decentralised power and weak central authorities. From the 13th century onwards, urban growth, commercial economies and royal centralisation gradually eroded feudal institutions. The transformation was driven by demographic changes, with the European population growing from 18 million in 800 to 34 million in 1200. Feudal society comprised three distinct orders: clergy, nobility and peasants, bound by mutual obligations and customary practices. The gradual shift towards wage labour and proto-capitalist economic models ultimately challenged and dismantled the traditional feudal systems. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink9\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">9. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink9-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/state\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">state<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> A state is a sovereign entity with defined territorial limits, a population and autonomous governance. Originating from the Latin word \"status\", it emerged from the decline of feudalism and was formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. States exercise sovereign authority through institutions that make and enforce laws, manage economic affairs and provide public services. They can be structured as unitary or federal systems, monarchies or republics, each with distinct organisational characteristics. The main functions include maintaining security, collecting taxes, providing public goods and representing national interests internationally. The concept of the state has been significantly influenced by political philosophers such as Hobbes and Locke and shaped by historical events such as the French Revolution. Its evolution continues in response to global challenges and changing socio-political dynamics. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink10\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">10. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink10-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/law-2\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">law<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Law is a complex system of rules that regulate human behaviour through rights and duties, shaped by various social and cultural influences. Rooted in Latin and Sanskrit origins, it encompasses various legal families such as civil law and common law. The field largely distinguishes between public and private law, addressing corporate and individual interests respectively. Its foundations date back to archaic societies, with early codifications such as the Code of Ur-Namu and the Code of Hammurabi. Roman law significantly advanced legal systems, separating law from religion and morality, and developing sophisticated legal concepts. Modern law comes from multiple sources, including state legislation, international treaties and individual contracts. Courts and tribunals apply legal norms through interpretation guided by doctrine, custom and judicial precedent, reflecting the dynamic and adaptive nature of law. <\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-bottom-border\"><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"glossary-categories":[],"glossary-tags":[],"glossary-languages":[],"class_list":["post-1263","glossary","type-glossary","status-publish","hentry"],"post_title":"Burguesia","post_content":"O termo burguesia originou-se do latim \"burgus\", referindo-se aos habitantes da cidade que emergiram como uma classe social distinta durante a Idade M\u00e9dia. Inicialmente detentores de direitos e privil\u00e9gios urbanos, os burgueses evolu\u00edram de cidad\u00e3os medievais para uma poderosa for\u00e7a econ\u00f3mica e pol\u00edtica. Sua ascens\u00e3o acompanhou o decl\u00ednio dos sistemas feudais, com os burgueses progressivamente controlando a governan\u00e7a urbana, atividades econ\u00f3micas e institui\u00e7\u00f5es sociais. A teoria marxista posteriormente caracterizou a burguesia como a classe capitalista propriet\u00e1ria dos meios de produ\u00e7\u00e3o, posicionada em oposi\u00e7\u00e3o ao proletariado. O conceito permanece complexo e multifacetado, abrangendo diversos grupos sociais em diferentes contextos hist\u00f3ricos e regionais. A transforma\u00e7\u00e3o da burguesia reflete mudan\u00e7as socioecon\u00f3micas mais amplas, desde a cidadania urbana medieval at\u00e9 uma classe econ\u00f3mica global definida pela riqueza, propriedade e influ\u00eancia social.","acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1263"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/glossary"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1263\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1263"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"glossary-categories","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-categories?post=1263"},{"taxonomy":"glossary-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-tags?post=1263"},{"taxonomy":"glossary-languages","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-languages?post=1263"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}