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{"id":1260,"date":"2024-12-05T20:38:42","date_gmt":"2024-12-05T21:38:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/glossary\/idade-moderna\/"},"modified":"2024-12-05T20:38:42","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T21:38:42","slug":"idade-moderna","status":"publish","type":"glossary","link":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/modern-age\/","title":{"rendered":"Modern Age"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The Modern Era, running from 1453 to 1789, marked a transformative period characterised by global exploration, technological innovation and socio-economic changes. Triggered by the fall of Constantinople, this era witnessed European expansion through colonisation, establishing unprecedented worldwide connectivity. Technological advances such as the printing press and the compass revolutionised the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">communication<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> and navigation, while scientific research gained momentum. Politically, the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/feudalism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">feudalism<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> declined, nation-states emerged and the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/reforma-protestante\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Protestant Reformation<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> redesigned religious landscapes. Economically, societies moved from land-based systems to trade-orientated ones, with the rise of the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/bourgeoisie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">bourgeoisie<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink4-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink4\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> and capitalist structures. The period encompassed significant maritime explorations, global trade networks and cultural exchanges between continents. Key developments included the Renaissance, the Age of Discovery and the extensive European colonisation of the Americas, Asia and Africa, fundamentally transforming global social, economic and political dynamics.<\/p>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnotes-block\"><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header\">Terms definitions<\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header-border\"><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">1. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/reforma-protestante\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Protestant Reformation<\/a> ( Protestant Reformation ) <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The Protestant Reformation was a 16th century religious movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church. Initiated by Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses in 1517, it criticised ecclesiastical practices such as indulgences and advocated salvation by faith alone. The movement spread rapidly through the printing press, with Luther's German translation of the Bible significantly influencing the development of the language. Key figures such as Zwingli and Calvin diversified Protestant theology, while radical groups such as the Anabaptists emerged with distinctive beliefs. Political and economic interests of European monarchies and nobles supported the Reformation, leading to state-sponsored religious changes. The movement resulted in the establishment of Protestant churches, significant theological debates and the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Despite intense persecution of radical groups, the Reformation fundamentally transformed Europe's religious, social and cultural landscapes, challenging medieval Catholic dominance and promoting increased scriptural literacy. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">2. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/communication\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">communication<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Communication is a complex process of exchanging information through signs, symbols and technological channels. Evolving from oral and written forms to digital platforms, it encompasses various modes, including verbal, non-verbal and mediated communication. Emerging at the beginning of the 20th century, communication theory explores the structure and social meaning of human interaction in different contexts, such as interpersonal, organisational and intercultural domains. Semiotics plays a crucial role in understanding how thoughts and feelings are transformed into comprehensible signs. Technological advances, particularly computers and social networks, continue to reshape communication processes, moving from traditional mass media to collaborative networks. The field draws insights from humanistic disciplines such as philosophy, sociology and psychology, examining communication as a dynamic social phenomenon that reflects human connectivity and the exchange of information. <\/span><\/div><button class=\"cmtt-footnote-showmore-btn\">Show more<\/button><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">3. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/feudalism\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">feudalism<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The decline of the Roman Empire led to political fragmentation and the emergence of feudalism. Germanic tribes settled within imperial territories, transforming social structures. Manorial systems developed with rural estates centred on lords and peasants, characterised by self-sufficient economies and limited trade. Feudal political organisation was marked by hierarchical relationships between lords, vassals and serfs, with decentralised power and weak central authorities. From the 13th century onwards, urban growth, commercial economies and royal centralisation gradually eroded feudal institutions. The transformation was driven by demographic changes, with the European population growing from 18 million in 800 to 34 million in 1200. Feudal society comprised three distinct orders: clergy, nobility and peasants, bound by mutual obligations and customary practices. The gradual shift towards wage labour and proto-capitalist economic models ultimately challenged and dismantled the traditional feudal systems. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink4\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">4. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink4-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/bourgeoisie\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">bourgeoisie<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The term bourgeoisie originated from the Latin \"burgus\", referring to the city dwellers who emerged as a distinct social class during the Middle Ages. Initially holders of urban rights and privileges, the bourgeois evolved from medieval citizens into a powerful economic and political force. Their rise accompanied the decline of feudal systems, with the bourgeois progressively controlling urban governance, economic activities and social institutions. Marxist theory later characterised the bourgeoisie as the capitalist class that owns the means of production, positioned in opposition to the proletariat. The concept remains complex and multifaceted, encompassing diverse social groups in different historical and regional contexts. The transformation of the bourgeoisie reflects broader socio-economic changes, from medieval urban citizenship to a global economic class defined by wealth, property and social influence. <\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-bottom-border\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Era Moderna, decorrente de 1453 a 1789, marcou um per&iacute;odo transformador caracterizado por explora&ccedil;&atilde;o global, inova&ccedil;&atilde;o tecnol&oacute;gica e mudan&ccedil;as socioecon&ocirc;micas. Desencadeada pela queda de Constantinopla, esta era testemunhou a expans&atilde;o europeia atrav&eacute;s da coloniza&ccedil;&atilde;o, estabelecendo uma conectividade mundial sem precedentes. Avan&ccedil;os tecnol&oacute;gicos como a imprensa e a b&uacute;ssola revolucionaram a comunica&ccedil;&atilde;o e a navega&ccedil;&atilde;o, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnotes-block\">\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header\">Terms definitions<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header-border\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">1. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/reforma-protestante\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Protestant Reformation<\/a> ( Protestant Reformation ) <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> A Reforma Protestante foi um movimento religioso do s&eacute;culo XVI que desafiou a autoridade da Igreja Cat&oacute;lica. Iniciada pelas Noventa e Cinco Teses de Martinho Lutero em 1517, criticava pr&aacute;ticas eclesi&aacute;sticas como indulg&ecirc;ncias e advogava a salva&ccedil;&atilde;o pela f&eacute; apenas. O movimento propagou-se rapidamente atrav&eacute;s da imprensa, com a tradu&ccedil;&atilde;o alem&atilde; da B&iacute;blia de Lutero influenciando significativamente o desenvolvimento da <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/language\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">language<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink7-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink7\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>. Figuras-chave como Zu&iacute;nglio e Calvino diversificaram a teologia protestante, enquanto grupos radicais como os Anabatistas emergiram com cren&ccedil;as distintas. Interesses pol&iacute;ticos e econ&oacute;micos das monarquias e nobres europeus apoiaram a Reforma, levando a mudan&ccedil;as religiosas patrocinadas pelo <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/state\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>State<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink11-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink11\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>. O movimento resultou no estabelecimento de igrejas protestantes, debates teol&oacute;gicos significativos e a Contrarreforma Cat&oacute;lica. Apesar da persegui&ccedil;&atilde;o intensa aos grupos radicais, a Reforma transformou fundamentalmente as paisagens religiosas, sociais e culturais europeias, desafiando o dom&iacute;nio cat&oacute;lico medieval e promovendo uma literacia escritur&iacute;stica acrescida. <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">2. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/communication\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">communication<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Communication is a complex process of exchanging information through signs, symbols and technological channels. Evolving from oral and written forms to digital platforms, it encompasses various modes, including verbal, non-verbal and mediated communication. Emerging at the beginning of the 20th century, communication theory explores the structure and social meaning of human interaction in different contexts, such as interpersonal, organisational and intercultural domains. Semiotics plays a crucial role in understanding how thoughts and feelings are transformed into comprehensible signs. Technological advances, particularly computers and social networks, continue to reshape communication processes, moving from traditional mass media to collaborative networks. The field draws insights from humanistic disciplines such as philosophy, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/sociology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">sociology<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink8-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink8\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> and psychology, examining communication as a dynamic social phenomenon that reflects human connectivity and the exchange of information. <\/span><\/div>\n<p><button class=\"cmtt-footnote-showmore-btn\">Show more<\/button><\/p>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">3. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/feudalism\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">feudalism<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> O decl&iacute;nio do <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/imperio-romano\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Roman Empire<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink5-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink5\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> conduziu &agrave; fragmenta&ccedil;&atilde;o <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/politics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">politics<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink9-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink9\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> e ao surgimento do feudalismo. Tribos germ&acirc;nicas estabeleceram-se dentro de territ&oacute;rios imperiais, transformando as estruturas sociais. Sistemas senhoriais desenvolveram-se com propriedades rurais centradas em senhores e camponeses, caracterizados por economias autossuficientes e com&eacute;rcio limitado. A organiza&ccedil;&atilde;o pol&iacute;tica feudal era marcada por rela&ccedil;&otilde;es hier&aacute;rquicas entre senhores, vassalos e servos, com poder descentralizado e autoridades centrais fr&aacute;geis. A partir do s&eacute;culo XIII, o crescimento urbano, as economias comerciais e a centraliza&ccedil;&atilde;o real corroeram gradualmente as institui&ccedil;&otilde;es feudais. A transforma&ccedil;&atilde;o foi impulsionada por mudan&ccedil;as demogr&aacute;ficas, com a popula&ccedil;&atilde;o europeia crescendo de 18 milh&otilde;es em 800 para 34 milh&otilde;es em 1200. A <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/society\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">society<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink10-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink10\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> feudal compreendia tr&ecirc;s ordens distintas: clero, nobreza e camponeses, vinculados por obriga&ccedil;&otilde;es m&uacute;tuas e pr&aacute;ticas consuetudin&aacute;rias. A mudan&ccedil;a gradual para o trabalho assalariado e modelos econ&oacute;micos proto-capitalistas desafiou e desmantelou, em &uacute;ltima an&aacute;lise, os sistemas feudais tradicionais. <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink4\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">4. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink4-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/bourgeoisie\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">bourgeoisie<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> O termo burguesia originou-se do <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/latin\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>Latin<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink12-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink12\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> &ldquo;burgus&rdquo;, referindo-se aos habitantes da cidade que emergiram como uma classe social distinta durante a <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/idade-media\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Middle Ages<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink6-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink6\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>. Inicialmente detentores de direitos e privil&eacute;gios urbanos, os burgueses evolu&iacute;ram de cidad&atilde;os medievais para uma poderosa for&ccedil;a econ&oacute;mica e pol&iacute;tica. Sua ascens&atilde;o acompanhou o decl&iacute;nio dos sistemas feudais, com os burgueses progressivamente controlando a governan&ccedil;a urbana, atividades econ&oacute;micas e institui&ccedil;&otilde;es sociais. A teoria marxista posteriormente caracterizou a burguesia como a classe capitalista propriet&aacute;ria dos meios de produ&ccedil;&atilde;o, posicionada em oposi&ccedil;&atilde;o ao proletariado. O conceito permanece complexo e multifacetado, abrangendo diversos grupos sociais em diferentes contextos hist&oacute;ricos e regionais. A transforma&ccedil;&atilde;o da burguesia reflete mudan&ccedil;as socioecon&oacute;micas mais amplas, desde a cidadania urbana medieval at&eacute; uma classe econ&oacute;mica global definida pela riqueza, propriedade e influ&ecirc;ncia social. <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-bottom-border\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnotes-block\"><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header\">Terms definitions<\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header-border\"><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">1. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/reforma-protestante\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Protestant Reformation<\/a> ( Protestant Reformation ) <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The Protestant Reformation was a 16th century religious movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church. Initiated by Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses in 1517, it criticised ecclesiastical practices such as indulgences and advocated salvation by faith alone. The movement spread rapidly through the printing press, with Luther's German translation of the Bible significantly influencing the development of the language. Key figures such as Zwingli and Calvin diversified Protestant theology, while radical groups such as the Anabaptists emerged with distinctive beliefs. Political and economic interests of European monarchies and nobles supported the Reformation, leading to state-sponsored religious changes. The movement resulted in the establishment of Protestant churches, significant theological debates and the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Despite intense persecution of radical groups, the Reformation fundamentally transformed Europe's religious, social and cultural landscapes, challenging medieval Catholic dominance and promoting increased scriptural literacy. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">2. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/communication\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">communication<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Communication is a complex process of exchanging information through signs, symbols and technological channels. Evolving from oral and written forms to digital platforms, it encompasses various modes, including verbal, non-verbal and mediated communication. Emerging at the beginning of the 20th century, communication theory explores the structure and social meaning of human interaction in different contexts, such as interpersonal, organisational and intercultural domains. Semiotics plays a crucial role in understanding how thoughts and feelings are transformed into comprehensible signs. Technological advances, particularly computers and social networks, continue to reshape communication processes, moving from traditional mass media to collaborative networks. The field draws insights from humanistic disciplines such as philosophy, sociology and psychology, examining communication as a dynamic social phenomenon that reflects human connectivity and the exchange of information. <\/span><\/div><button class=\"cmtt-footnote-showmore-btn\">Show more<\/button><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">3. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/feudalism\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">feudalism<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The decline of the Roman Empire led to political fragmentation and the emergence of feudalism. Germanic tribes settled within imperial territories, transforming social structures. Manorial systems developed with rural estates centred on lords and peasants, characterised by self-sufficient economies and limited trade. Feudal political organisation was marked by hierarchical relationships between lords, vassals and serfs, with decentralised power and weak central authorities. From the 13th century onwards, urban growth, commercial economies and royal centralisation gradually eroded feudal institutions. The transformation was driven by demographic changes, with the European population growing from 18 million in 800 to 34 million in 1200. Feudal society comprised three distinct orders: clergy, nobility and peasants, bound by mutual obligations and customary practices. The gradual shift towards wage labour and proto-capitalist economic models ultimately challenged and dismantled the traditional feudal systems. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink4\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">4. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink4-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/bourgeoisie\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">bourgeoisie<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The term bourgeoisie originated from the Latin \"burgus\", referring to the city dwellers who emerged as a distinct social class during the Middle Ages. Initially holders of urban rights and privileges, the bourgeois evolved from medieval citizens into a powerful economic and political force. Their rise accompanied the decline of feudal systems, with the bourgeois progressively controlling urban governance, economic activities and social institutions. Marxist theory later characterised the bourgeoisie as the capitalist class that owns the means of production, positioned in opposition to the proletariat. The concept remains complex and multifaceted, encompassing diverse social groups in different historical and regional contexts. The transformation of the bourgeoisie reflects broader socio-economic changes, from medieval urban citizenship to a global economic class defined by wealth, property and social influence. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink5\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">5. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink5-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/imperio-romano\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Roman Empire<\/a> ( Roman Empire ) <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The Roman Empire evolved from a republic into an expansive and complex civilisation that spanned several centuries. Initially expanding from the Italian peninsula through military conquests, it developed sophisticated administrative and legal systems. The transition from republic to empire took place under Augustus, who established imperial governance and began the Principate period. Throughout its history, the empire experienced significant political transformations, including periods of stability under the \"Good Emperors\" and subsequent crises. Roman society was characterised by advanced infrastructure, a robust economy based on agriculture and trade, and a sophisticated legal system. Latin served as the main administrative language, and Roman culture strongly influenced architecture, law and social structures. The empire's territorial high point occurred under Trajan, with its western territories ultimately falling to barbarian invasions in 476 AD, while the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) continued until 1453. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink6\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">6. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink6-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/idade-media\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Middle Ages<\/a> ( Middle Ages ) <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The Middle Ages, traditionally defined as between 476 and 1500 AD, represent a complex historical period characterised by significant societal transformations. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, new kingdoms emerged through migration and cultural integration. The era is divided into the High and Low Middle Ages, with the former marked by demographic growth, feudalism and cultural achievements such as Gothic cathedrals, while the latter experienced challenges such as wars, famines and the Black Death. Initially seen as a \"Dark Age\", modern scholarship re-evaluates the period as a dynamic time of cultural and technological development. Key features included religious fervour, territorial expansions, changes in trade networks and interactions between different civilisations such as Byzantine, Islamic and the emerging European kingdoms. The period finally transitioned into the Renaissance, representing a critical phase in European historical evolution. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink7\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">7. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink7-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/language\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">language<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> A linguagem \u00e9 um sistema complexo de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o que permite aos humanos expressar ideias atrav\u00e9s de formas faladas, gestuais ou escritas. Estimada em 5.000-7.000 l\u00ednguas globais, \u00e9 \u00fanica na comunica\u00e7\u00e3o animal devido \u00e0 sua produtividade, deslocamento e aprendizagem social. Processada em regi\u00f5es cerebrais espec\u00edficas como as \u00e1reas de Broca e Wernicke, a linguagem se desenvolve por intera\u00e7\u00e3o social, geralmente tornando-se fluente por volta dos tr\u00eas anos. Serve a m\u00faltiplas fun\u00e7\u00f5es al\u00e9m da comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, incluindo expressar identidade e coes\u00e3o cultural. Linguisticamente, as l\u00ednguas possuem sistemas fonol\u00f3gicos e sint\u00e1ticos que regem a articula\u00e7\u00e3o sonora e a constru\u00e7\u00e3o de significados. Evoluem dinamicamente, refletindo diversidade cultural e hist\u00f3rica, e pertencem a v\u00e1rias fam\u00edlias lingu\u00edsticas como Indo-Europeia e Sino-Tibetana. O estudo cient\u00edfico da linguagem, a lingu\u00edstica, examina suas estruturas, origens e desenvolvimento a partir de m\u00faltiplas perspetivas te\u00f3ricas, revelando a linguagem como uma capacidade cognitiva humana fundamental que se adapta e transforma ao longo do tempo. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink8\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">8. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink8-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/sociology\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">sociology<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Sociology is a social science that studies society, social interactions and culture through empirical research and critical analysis. Originating in the 19th century with pioneers such as Auguste Comte and Karl Marx, it emerged as a scientific approach to understanding the social changes brought about by industrialisation and capitalism. The discipline examines social structures, stratification, class, mobility and various human activities, including religion, gender and deviance. Employing qualitative and quantitative research methods, sociology has evolved to incorporate linguistic, cultural and computational techniques. Its scope extends beyond theoretical understanding to practical applications, informing policy-makers, educators and social workers. By providing systematic insights into social dynamics, sociology helps to explain how societies function, change and develop, bridging the gap between individual experiences and wider social systems and transformations. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink9\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">9. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink9-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/politics\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">politics<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Politics is a multifaceted field that explores governance, power dynamics and social organisation. Originating from the ancient Greek term \"politeia\", it examines the structures and processes of state management. Political power is characterised by its ability to influence social outcomes through mechanisms of legitimacy, centralisation and coercion. Various political systems, from democracies to monarchies, operate through complex institutions such as legislatures, executives and judiciaries. Different ideological perspectives - including liberalism, conservatism and socialism - shape the understanding of state functions, individual rights and social relations. International politics further expands this domain, analysing global interactions, diplomatic relations and transnational governance. Theories of political change, power distribution and institutional structures provide critical insights into how societies organise, govern and transform themselves through political processes and philosophical debates. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink10\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">10. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink10-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/society\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">society<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> A society is a group of individuals interacting to achieve common goals, sharing a fundamental principle of bonding. Characterised by networks of interconnected relationships, societies can be institutionalised or non-institutionalised, ranging from bands and tribes to complex state structures. Communities serve as intermediary groups between individuals and wider societal structures, encompassing family, professional and social networks. Anthropological perspectives emphasise the organisation of societies based on subsistence, technology and communication, challenging previous hierarchical notions. Social norms and institutions play crucial roles in maintaining group cohesion, with mechanisms such as generosity, status recognition and shared rituals. The evolution of societies reflects changing dynamics of cooperation, specialisation and adaptation, demonstrating how human groups organise themselves to survive and thrive in different cultural and environmental contexts. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink11\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">11. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink11-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/state\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">State<\/a> ( State ) <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> A state is a sovereign entity with defined territorial limits, a population and autonomous governance. Originating from the Latin word \"status\", it emerged from the decline of feudalism and was formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. States exercise sovereign authority through institutions that make and enforce laws, manage economic affairs and provide public services. They can be structured as unitary or federal systems, monarchies or republics, each with distinct organisational characteristics. The main functions include maintaining security, collecting taxes, providing public goods and representing national interests internationally. The concept of the state has been significantly influenced by political philosophers such as Hobbes and Locke and shaped by historical events such as the French Revolution. Its evolution continues in response to global challenges and changing socio-political dynamics. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink12\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">12. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink12-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/latin\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">Latin<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originating in Latium, Rome, which became the official language of the Roman Republic, Empire and Catholic Church. Characterised by its flexible syntax, Latin evolved through various historical stages, from pre-literary to classical periods. Vulgar Latin formed the basis for modern Romance languages such as Italian, Spanish and French. Although it is no longer spoken natively, Latin has remained significant in ecclesiastical and academic contexts, serving as the lingua franca of the Western world for over a millennium. Its alphabet became globally prevalent, and significantly influenced vocabulary in science, law and academia. Despite becoming a \"dead language\", Latin's legacy lives on through its extensive linguistic contributions, continued use in Vatican administrative processes and its foundational role in Western intellectual and cultural traditions. <\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-bottom-border\"><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"glossary-categories":[],"glossary-tags":[],"glossary-languages":[],"class_list":["post-1260","glossary","type-glossary","status-publish","hentry"],"post_title":"Idade Moderna","post_content":"A Era Moderna, decorrente de 1453 a 1789, marcou um per\u00edodo transformador caracterizado por explora\u00e7\u00e3o global, inova\u00e7\u00e3o tecnol\u00f3gica e mudan\u00e7as socioecon\u00f4micas. Desencadeada pela queda de Constantinopla, esta era testemunhou a expans\u00e3o europeia atrav\u00e9s da coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o, estabelecendo uma conectividade mundial sem precedentes. Avan\u00e7os tecnol\u00f3gicos como a imprensa e a b\u00fassola revolucionaram a comunica\u00e7\u00e3o e a navega\u00e7\u00e3o, enquanto a investiga\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica ganhava impulso. Politicamente, o feudalismo declinou, os estados-na\u00e7\u00e3o emergiram e a Reforma Protestante redesenhou as paisagens religiosas. Economicamente, as sociedades transitaram de sistemas baseados em terra para sistemas orientados para o com\u00e9rcio, com a ascens\u00e3o da burguesia e das estruturas capitalistas. O per\u00edodo englobou explora\u00e7\u00f5es mar\u00edtimas significativas, redes comerciais globais e interc\u00e2mbios culturais entre continentes. Os principais desenvolvimentos inclu\u00edram o Renascimento, a Era dos Descobrimentos e a extensa coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o europeia das Am\u00e9ricas, \u00c1sia e \u00c1frica, transformando fundamentalmente as din\u00e2micas sociais, econ\u00f4micas e pol\u00edticas globais.","acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1260"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/glossary"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1260\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1260"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"glossary-categories","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-categories?post=1260"},{"taxonomy":"glossary-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-tags?post=1260"},{"taxonomy":"glossary-languages","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-languages?post=1260"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}