4. <\/span> ↑ <\/a><\/span> lawyer<\/a>. <\/span> A lawyer represents the legal interests of individuals or entities in and out of court, deriving from the Latin \"ad vocatus\" meaning \"one who has been called\". In Brazil, legal education involves a rigorous examination process with a pass rate of 15-25%. Law schools in the country have grown significantly, with more than 1,200 institutions and more than one million registered lawyers. The profession is considered essential to judicial administration, protected by the Federal Constitution, which guarantees the inviolability of lawyers in professional acts. There are different types of registration, including permanent, supplementary and trainee categories. Lawyers can specialise in specific branches of law and provide consultancy to prevent potential litigation. Historically, legal education in Brazil began in the 1820s, with the first law courses established in Rio de Janeiro, marking a significant milestone in the country's legal development. <\/span><\/div>

5. <\/span> ↑ <\/a><\/span> death<\/a>. <\/span> Death is a complex biological and philosophical phenomenon characterised by the cessation of physiological functions and consciousness. Defined differently across cultures and disciplines, it involves intricate medical, legal and ethical considerations. Traditionally identified by cardiac and respiratory failure, modern definitions increasingly emphasise brain death and neurological criteria. Biological processes after death include cellular decomposition, influenced by environmental factors. Globally, ageing remains the leading cause of death, with infectious diseases predominant in developing countries and chronic conditions prevalent in industrialised nations. Cultural interpretations vary widely, with different societies developing unique rituals and perspectives on mortality. Medical advances have transformed the understanding of death, making it a more controlled and medically managed event, raising ongoing debates about precise definition, determination and implications for organ donation and end-of-life decisions. <\/span><\/div><\/div>

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Marco Túlio Cícero foi um proeminente estadista, filósofo, advogado e orador romano que viveu de 106 a 43 a.C. Nascido em Árpino numa família equestre abastada, ascendeu a cônsul da República Romana em 63 a.C., suprimindo famosamente a Conspiração de Catilina. Como figura política, defendeu a restauração da República após a morte de Júlio César, […]<\/p>\n

Terms definitions<\/div>\n

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1. <\/span> ↑ <\/a><\/span> República Romana<\/a> ( República Romana ) <\/span> A República Romana (509-27 AC) foi um system<\/a>[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> político complexo caracterizado por cônsules eleitos anualmente e uma society<\/a>[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> hierárquica marcada por tensões entre patrícios e plebeus. Inicialmente centrada na Itália central, expandiu-se através do Mediterrâneo por conquistas militares, incorporando territórios no Norte da África, Ibéria, Grécia e além. A evolução política viu os plebeus gradualmente ganhando legislative power<\/a>[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> através de reformas, criando instituições como tribunos e assembleias. A república experimentou conflitos sociais significativos, incluindo disputas sobre propriedade de terra e representação, exemplificados pelas tentativas de reformas populistas dos irmãos Graco. Tensões internas e líderes individuais poderosos como Mário, Sula, César e, por fim, Otaviano (Augusto) enfraqueceram gradualmente as instituições republicanas. Apesar de marcos legais, a república era cada vez mais dominada por figuras políticas influentes. A transição para o Principado, embora não abolindo formalmente a república, transformou fundamentalmente sua governança, marcando o fim do sistema republicano tradicional. <\/span><\/div>\n

2. <\/span> ↑ <\/a><\/span> politics<\/a>. <\/span> Politics is a multifaceted field that explores governance, power dynamics and social organisation. Originating from the term ancient greek<\/a>[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> \"politeia\" examines the structures and processes of state management. Political power is characterised by its ability to influence social outcomes through mechanisms of legitimacy, centralisation and coercion. Various political systems, from democracies to monarchies, operate through complex institutions such as legislatures, executives and judiciaries. Different ideological perspectives - including liberalism, conservatism and socialism - shape the understanding of the functions of the judiciary. state<\/a>[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>, individual rights and social relations. International politics further expands this domain, analysing global interactions, diplomatic relations and transnational governance. Theories of political change, power distribution and institutional structures provide critical insights into how societies organise, govern and transform themselves through political processes and philosophical debates. <\/span><\/div>\n