{"id":1136,"date":"2024-12-05T20:38:40","date_gmt":"2024-12-05T21:38:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/glossary\/shamash\/"},"modified":"2024-12-05T20:38:40","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T21:38:40","slug":"shamash","status":"publish","type":"glossary","link":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/shamash\/","title":{"rendered":"Shamash"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Samas era um proeminente <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/deus\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>deus<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> solar mesopot&acirc;mico e divindade da <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/justice\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>justice<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> nos pante&otilde;es ac&aacute;dico, ass&iacute;rio e babil&ocirc;nico. Derivado da palavra ac&aacute;dica &ldquo;&Scaron;ams&rdquo; que significa sol, seu nome est&aacute; linguisticamente relacionado a termos solares hebraicos e &aacute;rabes. Como filho de Sin e Ningal e irm&atilde;o de Istar, Samas era considerado o <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/judge\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>judge<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink4-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink4\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> do c&eacute;u e do submundo. Seu templo em Sippar era um local religioso significativo, reconstru&iacute;do por governantes como Nabucodonosor e Nabonido. Samas correspondia ao deus sum&eacute;rio Utu e era frequentemente invocado em nomes reais <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/assirios\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">ass&iacute;rios<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>. Seu culto desempenhou um papel crucial na <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/culture\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>culture<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink5-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink5\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> religiosa mesopot&acirc;mica, simbolizando o poder solar e o julgamento divino em m&uacute;ltiplas civiliza&ccedil;&otilde;es antigas.<\/p>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnotes-block\"><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header\">Terms definitions<\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header-border\"><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">1. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/assirios\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">ass\u00edrios<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Ass\u00edria foi uma civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o mesopot\u00e2mica antiga localizada entre o Rio Tigre e as Montanhas Zagros, emergindo como um poder independente por volta de 2050 a.C. A civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o desenvolveu-se atrav\u00e9s de tr\u00eas per\u00edodos imperiais principais: Antigo (2050-1378 a.C.), M\u00e9dio (1363-1000 a.C.) e Neo-Ass\u00edrio (1000-600 a.C.). Conhecida por t\u00e9cnicas militares sofisticadas, conquistou territ\u00f3rios que se estendiam do Golfo P\u00e9rsico \u00e0s Montanhas Tauro, utilizando armas de ferro e deporta\u00e7\u00e3o estrat\u00e9gica. As suas realiza\u00e7\u00f5es culturais inclu\u00edam arquitetura avan\u00e7ada, arte intrincada e contribui\u00e7\u00f5es significativas para a literatura, com a biblioteca real de Assurban\u00edpal preservando registos hist\u00f3ricos cruciais. O imp\u00e9rio atingiu o seu auge durante o per\u00edodo Neo-Ass\u00edrio, mas acabou por colapsar sob ataques combinados dos babil\u00f3nicos e medas em 612 a.C. Subsequentemente \u00e0 sua queda, os territ\u00f3rios ass\u00edrios foram controlados por v\u00e1rias imp\u00e9rios, com os povos tornando-se uma minoria nas suas terras ancestrais. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">2. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/deus\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">deus<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The concept of God varies across belief systems, ranging from monotheistic supreme beings to polytheistic spirits who control parts of the universe. Etymologically, the term derives from Proto-Indo-European roots meaning \"bright\" or \"heavenly\". Theological and philosophical debates explore the existence of God through arguments such as ontological, cosmological and teleological perspectives. Different traditions view the nature of God in different ways - some see divinity as a personal entity, others as an impersonal force or universal principle. Perspectives range from theistic beliefs that emphasise spiritual relationships and worship to deistic and pantheistic concepts of a distant or immanent divine presence. Atheistic and agnostic views challenge traditional religious understanding, arguing that God's existence cannot be scientifically proven or is fundamentally unknowable. The discourse continues to examine divine attributes, moral implications and the complex relationship between religious belief and rational enquiry. <\/span><\/div><button class=\"cmtt-footnote-showmore-btn\">Show more<\/button><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">3. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/justice\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">justice<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Justice is a complex philosophical and social concept that has been examined through various lenses in different historical periods. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Socrates and Aristotle explored its subjective and corrective dimensions, while medieval thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas connected justice to divine will. Modern theorists such as Rawls, Sen and Dworkin offer diverse perspectives on fairness, equality and social organisation. Key approaches include utilitarian views that emphasise collective happiness, libertarian perspectives that prioritise individual rights and capability-based frameworks that focus on human potential. Academics debate the fundamental principles of justice, examining the distribution of resources, opportunities and social goods. Symbolically represented by scales, a sword and blindfolded figures, justice embodies impartiality, balance and rational decision-making. Contemporary discourse continues to explore how justice can be achieved through legal, economic and philosophical mechanisms, recognising its dynamic and multifaceted nature. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink4\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">4. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink4-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/judge\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">judge<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Judges have evolved from divine representatives to qualified citizens selected on the basis of strict criteria. They are legally vested with jurisdictional power, maintaining impartiality within defined legal limits. The judicial role involves interpreting laws, with ongoing debates about the extent of discretionary power and potential legislative collaboration. Typically requiring law degrees and significant legal experience, judges are appointed or elected through comprehensive evaluation processes. Judicial independence is protected by measures such as tenure and financial security, ensuring that decisions can be made without undue influence. However, their role raises complex questions about separation of powers, particularly with regard to judicial review and potential encroachment into legislative domains. Accountability mechanisms, including public scrutiny and appeals processes, aim to maintain confidence in the legal system by balancing judicial discretion with procedural constraints. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink5\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">5. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink5-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/culture\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">culture<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Culture is a complex concept that encompasses knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws and skills acquired by humans in society. Defined from different perspectives, it represents both ideas and practices learnt through social interaction. As a dynamic system, culture transmits changes across generations, enabling human adaptation and evolution. It serves as an essential mechanism for solving problems, defining group identity and distinguishing human behaviour from natural instincts. Culture develops through invention, diffusion and discovery, with environmental influences moulding its transformation. Although challenged by entertainment and globalisation, culture remains a crucial aspect of the human experience, providing shared symbolic meanings and practical knowledge. Its multifaceted nature encompasses intellectual and material dimensions, reflecting how human groups interpret and respond to their environment through learned patterns of behaviour and understanding. <\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-bottom-border\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Samas era um proeminente deus solar mesopot&acirc;mico e divindade da justi&ccedil;a nos pante&otilde;es ac&aacute;dico, ass&iacute;rio e babil&ocirc;nico. Derivado da palavra ac&aacute;dica &ldquo;&Scaron;ams&rdquo; que significa sol, seu nome est&aacute; linguisticamente relacionado a termos solares hebraicos e &aacute;rabes. Como filho de Sin e Ningal e irm&atilde;o de Istar, Samas era considerado o juiz do c&eacute;u e do [&hellip;]<\/p>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnotes-block\">\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header\">Terms definitions<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header-border\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">1. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/assirios\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">ass&iacute;rios<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Ass&iacute;ria foi uma <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/civilizacao\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">civilisation<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink6-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink6\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> mesopot&acirc;mica antiga localizada entre o Rio Tigre e as Montanhas Zagros, emergindo como um poder independente por volta de 2050 a.C. A civiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o desenvolveu-se atrav&eacute;s de tr&ecirc;s per&iacute;odos imperiais principais: Antigo (2050-1378 a.C.), M&eacute;dio (1363-1000 a.C.) e Neo-Ass&iacute;rio (1000-600 a.C.). Conhecida por t&eacute;cnicas militares sofisticadas, conquistou territ&oacute;rios que se estendiam do Golfo P&eacute;rsico &agrave;s Montanhas Tauro, utilizando armas de ferro e deporta&ccedil;&atilde;o estrat&eacute;gica. As suas realiza&ccedil;&otilde;es culturais inclu&iacute;am arquitetura avan&ccedil;ada, arte intrincada e contribui&ccedil;&otilde;es significativas para a literatura, com a biblioteca real de Assurban&iacute;pal preservando registos hist&oacute;ricos cruciais. O imp&eacute;rio atingiu o seu auge durante o per&iacute;odo Neo-Ass&iacute;rio, mas acabou por colapsar sob ataques combinados dos babil&oacute;nicos e medas em 612 a.C. Subsequentemente &agrave; sua queda, os territ&oacute;rios ass&iacute;rios foram controlados por v&aacute;rias imp&eacute;rios, com os povos tornando-se uma minoria nas suas terras ancestrais. <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">2. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/deus\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">deus<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> O conceito de Deus varia atrav&eacute;s de sistemas de cren&ccedil;a, variando desde seres supremos monote&iacute;stas at&eacute; esp&iacute;ritos polite&iacute;stas que controlam partes do universo. Etimologicamente, o termo deriva de ra&iacute;zes proto-indo-europeias que significam &ldquo;brilhante&rdquo; ou &ldquo;celestial&rdquo;. Debates teol&oacute;gicos e filos&oacute;ficos exploram a exist&ecirc;ncia de Deus atrav&eacute;s de argumentos como perspetivas ontol&oacute;gicas, cosmol&oacute;gicas e teleol&oacute;gicas. Diferentes tradi&ccedil;&otilde;es veem a natureza de Deus de maneiras diferentes &ndash; algumas veem a divindade como uma entidade pessoal, outras como uma for&ccedil;a impessoal ou princ&iacute;pio universal. As perspetivas variam desde cren&ccedil;as te&iacute;stas que enfatizam rela&ccedil;&otilde;es espirituais e adora&ccedil;&atilde;o at&eacute; conceitos de&iacute;stas e pante&iacute;stas de uma presen&ccedil;a divina distante ou imanente. Vis&otilde;es ate&iacute;stas e agn&oacute;sticas desafiam a compreens&atilde;o religiosa tradicional, argumentando que a exist&ecirc;ncia de Deus n&atilde;o pode ser cientificamente provada ou &eacute; fundamentalmente desconhec&iacute;vel. O discurso continua a examinar atributos divinos, implica&ccedil;&otilde;es morais e a rela&ccedil;&atilde;o complexa entre cren&ccedil;a religiosa e investiga&ccedil;&atilde;o racional. <\/span><\/div>\n<p><button class=\"cmtt-footnote-showmore-btn\">Show more<\/button><\/p>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">3. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/justice\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">justice<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Justice is a complex philosophical and social concept that has been examined through various lenses in different historical periods. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Socrates and Aristotle explored its subjective and corrective dimensions, while medieval thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas connected justice to divine will. Modern theorists such as Rawls, Sen and Dworkin offer diverse perspectives on fairness, equality and social organisation. Key approaches include utilitarian views that emphasise collective happiness, libertarian perspectives that prioritise individual rights and capability-based frameworks that focus on human potential. Academics debate the fundamental principles of justice, examining the distribution of resources, opportunities and social goods. Symbolically represented by scales, a sword and blindfolded figures, justice embodies impartiality, balance and rational decision-making. Contemporary discourse continues to explore how justice can be achieved through legal, economic and philosophical mechanisms, recognising its dynamic and multifaceted nature. <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink4\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">4. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink4-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/judge\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">judge<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Os ju&iacute;zes evolu&iacute;ram de representantes divinos para cidad&atilde;os qualificados selecionados com base em crit&eacute;rios rigorosos. S&atilde;o legalmente investidos de poder jurisdicional, mantendo imparcialidade dentro de limites legais definidos. O papel judicial envolve interpretar leis, com debates cont&iacute;nuos sobre a extens&atilde;o do poder discricion&aacute;rio e potencial colabora&ccedil;&atilde;o legislativa. Tipicamente requerendo diplomas em <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/law-2\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>law<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink9-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink9\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> e significativa experi&ecirc;ncia jur&iacute;dica, os ju&iacute;zes s&atilde;o nomeados ou eleitos atrav&eacute;s de processos abrangentes de avalia&ccedil;&atilde;o. A independ&ecirc;ncia judicial &eacute; protegida por medidas como tenure e seguran&ccedil;a financeira, garantindo que as decis&otilde;es possam ser tomadas sem influ&ecirc;ncia indevida. Contudo, o seu papel levanta quest&otilde;es complexas sobre separa&ccedil;&atilde;o de poderes, particularmente no que diz respeito &agrave; revis&atilde;o judicial e potencial invas&atilde;o de dom&iacute;nios legislativos. Mecanismos de responsabiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o, incluindo escrut&iacute;nio p&uacute;blico e processos de recurso, visam manter a confian&ccedil;a no <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/system\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>system<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink10-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink10\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> legal, equilibrando a discri&ccedil;&atilde;o judicial com restri&ccedil;&otilde;es processuais. <\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink5\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">5. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink5-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &uarr; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/culture\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">culture<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Culture is a complex concept that encompasses knowledge, beliefs and art, <a class=\"glossaryLink\"  href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/moral\/\"  target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"nofollow\"  data-mobile-support=\"0\"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex='0' role='link'>moral<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink11-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink11\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>laws and capacities acquired by humans in <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/society\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">society<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink8-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink8\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>. Definida por diversas perspetivas, representa tanto ideias como pr&aacute;ticas aprendidas atrav&eacute;s da intera&ccedil;&atilde;o social. Como um sistema din&acirc;mico, a cultura transmite modifica&ccedil;&otilde;es atrav&eacute;s das gera&ccedil;&otilde;es, permitindo a adapta&ccedil;&atilde;o e evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o humana. Serve como um mecanismo essencial para resolver problemas, definir a identidade de grupo e distinguir o comportamento humano dos instintos naturais. A cultura desenvolve-se atrav&eacute;s de inven&ccedil;&atilde;o, difus&atilde;o e descoberta, com influ&ecirc;ncias ambientais a moldar a sua transforma&ccedil;&atilde;o. Embora desafiada pelo entretenimento e <a class=\"glossaryLink\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/globalizacao\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">globalisation<\/a><span id=\"cmttFootnoteLink7-0\" class=\"cmtt-footnote\"><sup><a class=\"et_smooth_scroll_disabled cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-deflink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink7\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>Culture remains a crucial aspect of human experience, providing shared symbolic meanings and practical knowledge. Its multifaceted nature encompasses intellectual and material dimensions, reflecting how human groups interpret and respond to their environment through learned patterns of behaviour and understanding. <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnote-bottom-border\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmtt-footnotes-block\"><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header\">Terms definitions<\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-header-border\"><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink1\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">1. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink1-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/assirios\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">ass\u00edrios<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Ass\u00edria foi uma civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o mesopot\u00e2mica antiga localizada entre o Rio Tigre e as Montanhas Zagros, emergindo como um poder independente por volta de 2050 a.C. A civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o desenvolveu-se atrav\u00e9s de tr\u00eas per\u00edodos imperiais principais: Antigo (2050-1378 a.C.), M\u00e9dio (1363-1000 a.C.) e Neo-Ass\u00edrio (1000-600 a.C.). Conhecida por t\u00e9cnicas militares sofisticadas, conquistou territ\u00f3rios que se estendiam do Golfo P\u00e9rsico \u00e0s Montanhas Tauro, utilizando armas de ferro e deporta\u00e7\u00e3o estrat\u00e9gica. As suas realiza\u00e7\u00f5es culturais inclu\u00edam arquitetura avan\u00e7ada, arte intrincada e contribui\u00e7\u00f5es significativas para a literatura, com a biblioteca real de Assurban\u00edpal preservando registos hist\u00f3ricos cruciais. O imp\u00e9rio atingiu o seu auge durante o per\u00edodo Neo-Ass\u00edrio, mas acabou por colapsar sob ataques combinados dos babil\u00f3nicos e medas em 612 a.C. Subsequentemente \u00e0 sua queda, os territ\u00f3rios ass\u00edrios foram controlados por v\u00e1rias imp\u00e9rios, com os povos tornando-se uma minoria nas suas terras ancestrais. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink2\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">2. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink2-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/deus\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">deus<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The concept of God varies across belief systems, ranging from monotheistic supreme beings to polytheistic spirits who control parts of the universe. Etymologically, the term derives from Proto-Indo-European roots meaning \"bright\" or \"heavenly\". Theological and philosophical debates explore the existence of God through arguments such as ontological, cosmological and teleological perspectives. Different traditions view the nature of God in different ways - some see divinity as a personal entity, others as an impersonal force or universal principle. Perspectives range from theistic beliefs that emphasise spiritual relationships and worship to deistic and pantheistic concepts of a distant or immanent divine presence. Atheistic and agnostic views challenge traditional religious understanding, arguing that God's existence cannot be scientifically proven or is fundamentally unknowable. The discourse continues to examine divine attributes, moral implications and the complex relationship between religious belief and rational enquiry. <\/span><\/div><button class=\"cmtt-footnote-showmore-btn\">Show more<\/button><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink3\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">3. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink3-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/justice\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">justice<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Justice is a complex philosophical and social concept that has been examined through various lenses in different historical periods. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Socrates and Aristotle explored its subjective and corrective dimensions, while medieval thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas connected justice to divine will. Modern theorists such as Rawls, Sen and Dworkin offer diverse perspectives on fairness, equality and social organisation. Key approaches include utilitarian views that emphasise collective happiness, libertarian perspectives that prioritise individual rights and capability-based frameworks that focus on human potential. Academics debate the fundamental principles of justice, examining the distribution of resources, opportunities and social goods. Symbolically represented by scales, a sword and blindfolded figures, justice embodies impartiality, balance and rational decision-making. Contemporary discourse continues to explore how justice can be achieved through legal, economic and philosophical mechanisms, recognising its dynamic and multifaceted nature. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink4\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">4. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink4-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/judge\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">judge<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Judges have evolved from divine representatives to qualified citizens selected on the basis of strict criteria. They are legally vested with jurisdictional power, maintaining impartiality within defined legal limits. The judicial role involves interpreting laws, with ongoing debates about the extent of discretionary power and potential legislative collaboration. Typically requiring law degrees and significant legal experience, judges are appointed or elected through comprehensive evaluation processes. Judicial independence is protected by measures such as tenure and financial security, ensuring that decisions can be made without undue influence. However, their role raises complex questions about separation of powers, particularly with regard to judicial review and potential encroachment into legislative domains. Accountability mechanisms, including public scrutiny and appeals processes, aim to maintain confidence in the legal system by balancing judicial discretion with procedural constraints. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink5\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">5. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink5-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/culture\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">culture<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Culture is a complex concept that encompasses knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws and skills acquired by humans in society. Defined from different perspectives, it represents both ideas and practices learnt through social interaction. As a dynamic system, culture transmits changes across generations, enabling human adaptation and evolution. It serves as an essential mechanism for solving problems, defining group identity and distinguishing human behaviour from natural instincts. Culture develops through invention, diffusion and discovery, with environmental influences moulding its transformation. Although challenged by entertainment and globalisation, culture remains a crucial aspect of the human experience, providing shared symbolic meanings and practical knowledge. Its multifaceted nature encompasses intellectual and material dimensions, reflecting how human groups interpret and respond to their environment through learned patterns of behaviour and understanding. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink6\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">6. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink6-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/civilizacao\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">civilisation<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> The concept of civilisation encompasses complex socio-cultural transformations driven by technological revolutions, representing dynamic changes in human social organisation. Civilisations are characterised by unique cultural identities, encompassing distinct ideas, customs, arts and manufacturing practices that tend to spread and influence other cultural spheres. Scholars such as Samuel Huntington and Darcy Ribeiro have proposed different frameworks for understanding civilisational development, identifying multiple cultural zones and historical trajectories. These perspectives explore how societies evolve through technological, social and cultural changes, highlighting the non-linear nature of human progression. The study of civilisations involves analysing processes of cultural hegemony, social self-regulation and potential conflicts arising from ideological and cultural differences. The concept goes beyond mere social structures, representing broader cultural identity and encompassing intricate patterns of human interaction and transformation. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink7\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">7. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink7-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/globalizacao\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">globalisation<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Globalisation represents a complex historical process of increasing interconnection across economic, cultural and communication domains. Emerging from the first trade routes such as the Silk Road, it accelerated through technological advances in transport and communication. The post-World War II period saw significant expansion through international institutions, economic blocs and multinational corporations. The main impacts include the global exchange of information through internet technologies, facilitation of cross-border trade and cultural hybridisation. While enabling unprecedented connectivity and economic opportunities, globalisation simultaneously raises critical challenges around cultural homogenisation, environmental sustainability and economic inequality. The phenomenon has transformed the way goods, services, ideas and people move across national borders, creating both integrative possibilities and potential social tensions. Its multifaceted nature continues to provoke academic and political debates about its long-term societal implications. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink8\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">8. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink8-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/society\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">society<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> A society is a group of individuals interacting to achieve common goals, sharing a fundamental principle of bonding. Characterised by networks of interconnected relationships, societies can be institutionalised or non-institutionalised, ranging from bands and tribes to complex state structures. Communities serve as intermediary groups between individuals and wider societal structures, encompassing family, professional and social networks. Anthropological perspectives emphasise the organisation of societies based on subsistence, technology and communication, challenging previous hierarchical notions. Social norms and institutions play crucial roles in maintaining group cohesion, with mechanisms such as generosity, status recognition and shared rituals. The evolution of societies reflects changing dynamics of cooperation, specialisation and adaptation, demonstrating how human groups organise themselves to survive and thrive in different cultural and environmental contexts. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink9\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">9. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink9-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/law-2\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">law<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Law is a complex system of rules that regulate human behaviour through rights and duties, shaped by various social and cultural influences. Rooted in Latin and Sanskrit origins, it encompasses various legal families such as civil law and common law. The field largely distinguishes between public and private law, addressing corporate and individual interests respectively. Its foundations date back to archaic societies, with early codifications such as the Code of Ur-Namu and the Code of Hammurabi. Roman law significantly advanced legal systems, separating law from religion and morality, and developing sophisticated legal concepts. Modern law comes from multiple sources, including state legislation, international treaties and individual contracts. Courts and tribunals apply legal norms through interpretation guided by doctrine, custom and judicial precedent, reflecting the dynamic and adaptive nature of law. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink10\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">10. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink10-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/system\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">system<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> A system is a complex arrangement of interconnected components working towards a common goal. Characterised by functional integration and synergy, systems can be physical or conceptual, ranging from biological organisms to organisational structures. Biological systems follow a hierarchical organisation from atomic to cosmic levels, while information systems in computer science focus on algorithmic processes. Systems interact dynamically with their environment through inputs and outputs, maintaining homeostasis through continuous communication between elements. Different types of systems exist across disciplines, including human biological systems such as digestive and nervous systems, and social systems such as economic and legal structures. The core principle underlying all systems is the interdependence of the components, where changes in one part can significantly influence the functionality and performance of the entire system. <\/span><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-def hidden\" id=\"cmttFootnoteLink11\"><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-number\">11. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-back\"><a class=\"cmtt_footnote_link cmtt-footnote-backlink\" href=\"#cmttFootnoteLink11-0\" style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #325afb; font-style : none ;\"> &#8593; <\/a><\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-key\"> <a aria-describedby=\"tt\" href=\"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/glossary\/moral\/\" class=\"glossaryLink\" target=\"_blank\">moral<\/a>. <\/span><span class=\"cmtt-footnote-def-content\"> Morality refers to distinguishing proper from improper actions and originates from the Latin word \"moralis\". It encompasses individual conscience, societal values and behavioural norms. Moral principles transcend legal rules, representing autonomous and non-coercive guidelines rooted in human empathy and historical experiences. Unlike the law, moral standards are more comprehensive and shaped by social sentiment. Biological research suggests that moral capacities exist not only in humans, but also in primates, demonstrating evolutionary foundations of empathy and reciprocity. Religious and cultural contexts significantly influence moral structures, with different traditions emphasising different ethical principles. Literature and social interactions propagate moral lessons, presenting exemplary models of behaviour. Fundamentally, morality serves as a complex system of social control, guiding individual conduct through internalised values and a collective understanding of right and wrong. <\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"cmtt-footnote-bottom-border\"><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"glossary-categories":[],"glossary-tags":[],"glossary-languages":[],"class_list":["post-1136","glossary","type-glossary","status-publish","hentry"],"post_title":"Shamash","post_content":"Samas era um proeminente deus solar mesopot\u00e2mico e divindade da justi\u00e7a nos pante\u00f5es ac\u00e1dico, ass\u00edrio e babil\u00f4nico. Derivado da palavra ac\u00e1dica \"\u0160ams\" que significa sol, seu nome est\u00e1 linguisticamente relacionado a termos solares hebraicos e \u00e1rabes. Como filho de Sin e Ningal e irm\u00e3o de Istar, Samas era considerado o juiz do c\u00e9u e do submundo. Seu templo em Sippar era um local religioso significativo, reconstru\u00eddo por governantes como Nabucodonosor e Nabonido. Samas correspondia ao deus sum\u00e9rio Utu e era frequentemente invocado em nomes reais ass\u00edrios. Seu culto desempenhou um papel crucial na cultura religiosa mesopot\u00e2mica, simbolizando o poder solar e o julgamento divino em m\u00faltiplas civiliza\u00e7\u00f5es antigas.","acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1136"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/glossary"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/1136\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1136"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"glossary-categories","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-categories?post=1136"},{"taxonomy":"glossary-tags","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-tags?post=1136"},{"taxonomy":"glossary-languages","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/advogados.cv\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary-languages?post=1136"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}