4. <\/span> ↑ <\/a><\/span> court<\/a>. <\/span> Courts are legal institutions that resolve disputes in the civil, criminal and administrative fields, operating under the rule of law in common and civil law systems. Comprising at least three key participants - plaintiff, defendant and judiciary - courts operate in specific forums or courtrooms with varying structural complexity. Their authority, known as jurisdiction, is legally defined and allows them to determine facts, interpret laws and apply appropriate remedies. Historically rooted in the English and Roman legal traditions, courts have evolved to address increasingly complex societal legal needs. They serve critical functions in contemporary democratic societies by providing individuals with access to legal remedies, upholding due process of law and maintaining systemic order. Courts remain essential conflict resolution mechanisms, adapting to changing social, political and legal landscapes while preserving fundamental principles of justice. <\/span><\/div>

5. <\/span> ↑ <\/a><\/span> lawyer<\/a>. <\/span> A lawyer represents the legal interests of individuals or entities in and out of court, deriving from the Latin \"ad vocatus\" meaning \"one who has been called\". In Brazil, legal education involves a rigorous examination process with a pass rate of 15-25%. Law schools in the country have grown significantly, with more than 1,200 institutions and more than one million registered lawyers. The profession is considered essential to judicial administration, protected by the Federal Constitution, which guarantees the inviolability of lawyers in professional acts. There are different types of registration, including permanent, supplementary and trainee categories. Lawyers can specialise in specific branches of law and provide consultancy to prevent potential litigation. Historically, legal education in Brazil began in the 1820s, with the first law courses established in Rio de Janeiro, marking a significant milestone in the country's legal development. <\/span><\/div><\/div>

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Ivo de Kermartin foi um terciário franciscano da Bretanha, França, que estudou filosofia, teologia e direito em Paris. Serviu como juiz no tribunal eclesiástico de Rennes, conquistando o título de “advogado dos pobres” por defender os injustamente tratados. Conhecido por sua sabedoria e imparcialidade, reconciliou partes em conflito e estabeleceu um hospital no solar de […]<\/p>\n

Terms definitions<\/div>\n

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1. <\/span> ↑ <\/a><\/span> justice<\/a>. <\/span> Justice is a complex philosophical and social concept that has been examined through various lenses in different historical periods. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Socrates and Aristotle explored its subjective and corrective dimensions, while medieval thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas connected justice to divine will. Modern theorists such as Rawls, Sen and Dworkin offer diverse perspectives on fairness, equality and social organisation. Key approaches include utilitarian views that emphasise collective happiness, libertarian perspectives that prioritise individual rights and capability-based frameworks that focus on human potential. Academics debate the fundamental principles of justice, examining the distribution of resources, opportunities and social goods. Symbolically represented by scales, a sword and blindfolded figures, justice embodies impartiality, balance and rational decision-making. Contemporary discourse continues to explore how justice can be achieved through legal, economic and philosophical mechanisms, recognising its dynamic and multifaceted nature. <\/span><\/div>\n

2. <\/span> ↑ <\/a><\/span> law<\/a>. <\/span> O direito é um system<\/a>[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> complexo de normas que regulam a conduta humana através de direitos e deveres, moldado por diversas influências sociais e culturais. Enraizado em origens latinas e sânscritas, abrange diversas famílias jurídicas como o civil law<\/a>[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> e o direito comum. O campo distingue amplamente entre public law<\/a>[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> e privado, abordando interesses societários e individuais respetivamente. Suas fundações remontam a sociedades arcaicas, com primeiras codificações como o Código de Ur-Namu<\/a>[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> and Code of Hammurabi<\/a>[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/span>. O roman law<\/a>[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> avançou significativamente os sistemas jurídicos, separando o direito da religion<\/a>[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> e da moralidade, e desenvolvendo conceitos jurídicos sofisticados. O direito moderno provém de múltiplas fontes, incluindo legislação estadual, tratados internacionais e contratos individuais. Tribunais e órgãos jurisdicionais aplicam normas jurídicas através de interpretação guiada por doutrina, customs<\/a>[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/span> e precedentes judiciais, refletindo a natureza dinâmica e adaptativa do direito. <\/span><\/div>\n