Law

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A lei evoluiu através de complexos estágios históricos, desde os códigos egípcios e sumérios antigos até sistemas jurídicos romanos sofisticados. As civilizações antigas desenvolveram estruturas jurídicas organizadas, com significativas inovações emergindo na Grécia e Roma. O roman law[2], fortemente influenciado pela filosofia grega, foi sistematicamente codificado e posteriormente redescoberto no século XI, formando a base para os sistemas jurídicos europeus continentais. Durante a Middle Ages[3], o custom[5] and jurisprudence[1] substituíram os códigos romanos rígidos, com os tribunais reais ingleses desenvolvendo precedentes de law[6] comum. Os sistemas jurídicos modernos emergiram com codificações influentes como os códigos civis napoleônicos e alemães, demonstrando uma padronização crescente. Ao longo da história, o direito esteve intimamente conectado ao desenvolvimento da civilisation[4], adaptando-se continuamente a contextos sociais mutáveis e refletindo identidades nacionais através de influências filosóficas, culturais e profissionais.

Terms definitions
1. jurisprudence. Case law is the systematic study of legal principles and judicial decisions, originating in Roman law and developing through English common law. It encompasses the interpretation and application of laws by the courts, serving to fill legal gaps and adapt to contemporary societal needs. Judicial decisions provide critical guidance for legal practice, with specialised databases helping lawyers navigate complex legal landscapes. While laws have broader application and are created through legislative processes, court decisions offer specific interpretations and precedents within a given jurisdiction. The discipline plays a crucial role in understanding legal customs, resolving disputes and ensuring consistent judicial reasoning. Modern jurisprudence relies on technological solutions to categorise and analyse court decisions, enabling more efficient legal research and interpretation.
2. roman law. Roman law encompassed legal rules developed in Rome and its empire from 449 BC to 530 AD, evolving through four main periods. Initially nationalistic and linked to religious practices, it gradually became more universal and complex. The Twelve Tablets, Rome's first written legal text, marked a critical transition from customary law to codified law, addressing procedures, judgements and property rights. Under Justinian, significant legal compilations such as the Corpus Juris Civilis were created, integrating Greek legal concepts and imperial constitutions. Roman law profoundly influenced legal systems in Europe and Latin America, establishing fundamental principles of private and public law. Its legacy includes the development of legal professionalism, jurisprudence and structures to harmonise legal standards, making it a crucial model for understanding legal systems historically and contemporarily.
Law (Wikipedia)
 Note: For other meanings, see Lei (desambiguação).

No direito, uma law (from Latin lex, legio, do verbo lego, legere, lectum, verbo "ler") é um documento escrito editado por uma autoridade competente e de acordo com um procedimento específico, e que veicula legal norms. Em seu sentido amplo, esse termo compreende todos os atos normativos contidos no legislative process.

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