Homogeneous individual interests

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Direitos individuais e coletivos são conceitos jurídicos fundamentais que examinam como os direitos podem ser compreendidos pessoal e socialmente. Esses direitos abrangem várias dimensões, desde liberdades naturais individuais até proteções sociais mais amplas. Perspetivas liberais clássicas enfatizam o papel do governo em proteger direitos naturais individuais, reconhecendo simultaneamente a interconexão com direitos coletivos. No Brasil, a Constitution[1] de 1988 estabeleceu um quadro abrangente reconhecendo direitos difusos, coletivos e individuais homogéneos. Direitos difusos são transindividuais e indivisíveis, afetando coletividades não especificadas como a proteção ambiental. Direitos coletivos envolvem grupos juridicamente ligados que partilham interesses comuns, como habitação ou educação. Direitos individuais homogéneos são caracterizados por uma origem comum, permitindo proteção jurídica coletiva apesar de serem individualmente determinados. Estes direitos servem como instrumentos para resolver conflitos sociais, equilibrando liberdades individuais com necessidades sociais mais amplas e garantindo proteção jurídica abrangente em diversos contextos sociais.

Terms definitions
1. Constitution ( Constitution ) Constitutions are fundamental legal documents that define government structures, rights and principles. They can be rigid or flexible, existing at national, regional or local levels, and are created by a sovereign constituent power. Constitutional reforms are typically carried out by a derived constituent power with specific limitations. Key features include protecting fundamental rights, establishing state mechanisms and maintaining legal supremacy. Control mechanisms ensure constitutional compliance through diffuse and concentrated review processes. Most democratic constitutions are developed through constituent assemblies and include provisions that protect core normative elements. International influences, particularly from the American and French revolutions, have shaped modern constitutional theory. Notably, some constitutions such as India's are extensively detailed, with hundreds of articles and amendments. The principle of constitutional unity emphasises the harmonious interpretation of legal principles, resolving potential conflicts through balanced approaches.

Collective rightsare rights held by a group as a group and not by its members in isolation; in contrast, the individual rights are rights held by individualsEven if they are differentiated by groups, which is the case with most rights, they remain individual rights if the holders of those rights are the individuals themselves. Collective rights have historically been used to infringe and facilitate individual rights and the concept remains controversial.

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