Os Hititas eram uma civilisation[1] anatólia antiga centrada no norte do centro da Anatólia por volta de 1600 a.C., estabelecendo um império poderoso que rivalizava com o Egito e Mitani. Conhecidos por capacidades militares avançadas, trabalho com ferro e sistemas jurídicos sofisticados, desenvolveram uma society[2] complexa organizada em torno de uma monarquia. Seu rei ocupava funções humanas e divinas, servindo como líder militar, figura religiosa e representante dos deuses. A língua hitita, um idioma indo-europeu escrito em cuneiforme, refletia sua sofisticação cultural. Sua capital, Hattusa, tornou-se um local do Património Mundial da UNESCO, com arquivos extensos revelando detalhes intrincados da sua civilização. O império declinou no final do século XIII a.C., provavelmente devido a conflitos internos e invasões externas, particularmente pelos “Povos do Mar”. Apesar de sua queda, a influência cultural e linguística hitita persistiu na Anatólia durante séculos, deixando uma marca significativa na história do Próximo Oriente antigo.
Terms definitions
1. ↑ civilisation. The concept of civilisation encompasses complex socio-cultural transformations driven by technological revolutions, representing dynamic changes in human social organisation. Civilisations are characterised by unique cultural identities, encompassing distinct ideas, customs, arts and manufacturing practices that tend to spread and influence other cultural spheres. Scholars such as Samuel Huntington and Darcy Ribeiro have proposed different frameworks for understanding civilisational development, identifying multiple cultural zones and historical trajectories. These perspectives explore how societies evolve through technological, social and cultural changes, highlighting the non-linear nature of human progression. The study of civilisations involves analysing processes of cultural hegemony, social self-regulation and potential conflicts arising from ideological and cultural differences. The concept goes beyond mere social structures, representing broader cultural identity and encompassing intricate patterns of human interaction and transformation.
2. ↑ society. A society is a group of individuals interacting to achieve common goals, sharing a fundamental principle of bonding. Characterised by networks of interconnected relationships, societies can be institutionalised or non-institutionalised, ranging from bands and tribes to complex state structures. Communities serve as intermediary groups between individuals and wider societal structures, encompassing family, professional and social networks. Anthropological perspectives emphasise the organisation of societies based on subsistence, technology and communication, challenging previous hierarchical notions. Social norms and institutions play crucial roles in maintaining group cohesion, with mechanisms such as generosity, status recognition and shared rituals. The evolution of societies reflects changing dynamics of cooperation, specialisation and adaptation, demonstrating how human groups organise themselves to survive and thrive in different cultural and environmental contexts.
The hititas eram um peopleindo-europeu que, no II milénio a.C., fundou um poderoso império na Anatólia central (atual Turquia), cuja queda data dos séculos XIII-XII a.C.. Na sua extensão máxima, o Império Hitita compreendia a Anatólia, atualmente parte da Turquia e regiões do Líbano e Síria.
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Note: For other meanings, see Hitita (desambiguação).
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