Criminal law

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O criminal law[1] brasileiro é primariamente regido pelo Código Penal (Decreto-Lei 2848/40) e opera sob princípios de territorialidade, com leis aplicadas dentro das fronteiras nacionais e em circunstâncias internacionais específicas. A estrutura legal distingue diferentes tipos de leis criminais, incluindo estatutos incriminadores, permissivos e explicativos. Princípios-chave incluem a não retroatividade das leis criminais, com exceções que beneficiam os réus. O system[3] reconhece diversos cenários jurídicos como Abolitio Criminis (descriminalização), Novatio Legis in Mellius (melhorias legais que beneficiam os réus) e Novatio Legis in Pejus (mudanças legais potencialmente desfavoráveis aos réus). As leis criminais são aplicadas com base na teoria da conduta, com predominância da jurisdiction[2] federal. O sistema legal permite a aplicação extraterritorial da law[4] brasileira em certas circunstâncias e fornece mecanismos para tratar conflitos na legislação criminal ao longo do tempo.

Terms definitions
1. criminal law. Criminal law is a complex legal system that governs social conduct and criminal behaviour. Rooted in historical traditions such as Roman law and canon law, it aims to protect fundamental rights such as life, liberty and property. The field balances state power with individual rights, emphasising principles of human dignity, proportionality and due process of law. Key principles include legality, presumption of innocence and minimum intervention. Theoretical approaches range from the retributive model (punishment as justice) to preventive and restorative models, focusing on crime prevention and offender rehabilitation. Sources include penal codes, criminal procedure legislation and judicial precedents. Notable scholars such as Roxin, Bitencourt and Figueiredo Dias have contributed significantly to its development. Criminal law ultimately seeks to maintain social order while respecting individual human rights, using legal mechanisms as a last resort to address social conflicts.
2. jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is the legal authority to administer justice and resolve conflicts, traditionally associated with the judiciary but now encompassing various governmental bodies. It involves principles such as impartiality, inevitability and inertia, with characteristics including mandatory and universal application. Jurisdiction can be voluntary (administrative) or contentious (aimed at social pacification), and is not limited to court proceedings. Alternative methods of conflict resolution such as mediation and arbitration exist alongside court proceedings. The concept is fundamental to civil procedure, involving conditions of action such as legitimate interest and the possibility of redress. Key aspects include the power to determine legal issues, the ability to substitute the will of the parties and providing effective judicial protection as a fundamental right.
Criminal law (Wikipedia)

A criminal law, em sentido amplo, é a principal fonte imediata do criminal law, em virtude do princípio da legalidade and anterioridade, de acordo com os quais uma norma incriminadora deve ser posta pelos representantes do povo e deve valer apenas após sua entrada em vigor.

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