Crime against the popular economy

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Crimes against the Popular Economy in Brazil involve criminal acts that prevent free market competition, manipulate prices and create market distortions for undue economic advantage. Defined by the Law^[2] According to article 1.521/51, these offences target practices such as the formation of cartels, oligopolies and monopolies that disrupt economic fairness. Both natural and legal persons can be prosecuted, with the Public Civil Action being a key legal mechanism. The law protects collective interests^[1]This includes economic order, consumer rights and the functioning of the fair market. Law enforcement agencies aim to prevent economic misconduct through investigative efforts and legal frameworks that evolve with changing economic landscapes. The ultimate goal is to safeguard public economic interests by ensuring fair access to goods and services, preventing price manipulation and maintaining competitive market conditions that benefit the general population.

Terms definitions

1. ↑ collective interests. Individual and collective rights represent a complex legal and philosophical structure that balances personal freedoms with group interests. Rooted in classical liberal thought and Brazilian constitutional development, these rights encompass diverse protections for individuals and communities. Diffuse rights affect undefined collectives, while collective rights target specific groups, and homogeneous individual rights share common origins. The Brazilian legal system, particularly since the 1988 Constitution, has been a pioneer in establishing mechanisms for resolving collective conflicts through institutions such as the Public Prosecutor's Office. Conceptually, these rights intersect with broader themes of self-determination, affirmative action and generational perspectives on human rights. Key characteristics include transnational scope, indivisibility and the potential for collective adjudication, reflecting evolving understandings of legal personality and social justice beyond traditional individual-collective dichotomies.

2. ↑ Law ( Law ) The law has evolved through complex historical stages, from ancient Egyptian and Sumerian codes to sophisticated Roman legal systems. Ancient civilisations developed organised legal structures, with significant innovations emerging in Greece and Rome. Roman law, strongly influenced by Greek philosophy, was systematically codified and subsequently rediscovered in the 11th century, forming the basis for continental European legal systems. During the Middle Ages, custom and case law replaced rigid Roman codes, with the English royal courts developing common law precedents. Modern legal systems emerged with influential codifications such as the Napoleonic and German civil codes, demonstrating increasing standardisation. Throughout history, law has been closely connected to the development of civilisation, continually adapting to changing social contexts and reflecting national identities through philosophical, cultural and professional influences.

Crime against the popular economy (Wikipedia)

Crime committed for one's own benefit or for the benefit of others, resulting in injury to or diminution of the rights or property of others.

Crimes against the Popular Economy in Brazil are set out in Law No. 1,521/51 and refer to acts against free competition or aimed at forming cartels, oligopolies or monopolies and manipulating prices and market trends.

The purpose of classifying these behaviours is to punish those who, in order to obtain undue advantages for themselves or for a certain economic group - such as the market reserve, a capture of the regulatory body and obtaining privileged information - prevent the free movementThe aim is to ensure the free functioning of the economy, the production and distribution of goods and wealth and the free functioning of the economy. Furthermore, it aims to allow the general population to have access to the goods produced by economic agents at fair market prices and without discrimination of any kind.

This type of crime can also be committed by Legal entityas well as the environmental crimes.

Later laws extended the scope of the Public civil actionIn addition to the already established collective, diffuse and individual homogeneous interests, it has become an instrument for the defence of the disabled, investors in the capital market, the economic order and the popular economy. Therefore, a Public Civil Action can be brought by the Public Prosecutor's Office, Public Defender's Office, the Federative Entities, Local authorities, Public Company, Foundation or Mixed Economy Company, Associations constituted more than 1 year ago and which includes, among its institutional purposes, the protection of the environment, consumereconomic order, free competition or historical heritagetourism, landscaping.