High justice

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Durante o feudalism[2] ocidental, a justice[3] era categorizada em níveis alto, médio e baixo, representando graus descendentes de autoridade legal. A justiça baixa geria ações civis menores e delitos, tipicamente resolvidos através de multas ou punições corporais leves. A justiça intermediária detinha jurisdiction[1] civil e criminal completa, excluindo crimes capitais e punições severas. A justiça alta, também conhecida como “ius gladii” ou “law[4] da espada”, representava o poder punitivo máximo, geralmente detido por autoridades soberanas que podiam impor sentenças máximas, incluindo execução. Esses níveis de justiça eram simbolizados por insígnias reais como a espada da justiça e a mão da justiça, refletindo a estrutura legal hierárquica das sociedades feudais. Diferentes autoridades, desde pequenos senhores feudais até governantes soberanos, administravam a justiça com base em seus poderes jurisdicionais designados.

Terms definitions
1. jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is the legal authority to administer justice and resolve conflicts, traditionally associated with the judiciary but now encompassing various governmental bodies. It involves principles such as impartiality, inevitability and inertia, with characteristics including mandatory and universal application. Jurisdiction can be voluntary (administrative) or contentious (aimed at social pacification), and is not limited to court proceedings. Alternative methods of conflict resolution such as mediation and arbitration exist alongside court proceedings. The concept is fundamental to civil procedure, involving conditions of action such as legitimate interest and the possibility of redress. Key aspects include the power to determine legal issues, the ability to substitute the will of the parties and providing effective judicial protection as a fundamental right.
2. feudalism. The decline of the Roman Empire led to political fragmentation and the emergence of feudalism. Germanic tribes settled within imperial territories, transforming social structures. Manorial systems developed with rural estates centred on lords and peasants, characterised by self-sufficient economies and limited trade. Feudal political organisation was marked by hierarchical relationships between lords, vassals and serfs, with decentralised power and weak central authorities. From the 13th century onwards, urban growth, commercial economies and royal centralisation gradually eroded feudal institutions. The transformation was driven by demographic changes, with the European population growing from 18 million in 800 to 34 million in 1200. Feudal society comprised three distinct orders: clergy, nobility and peasants, bound by mutual obligations and customary practices. The gradual shift towards wage labour and proto-capitalist economic models ultimately challenged and dismantled the traditional feudal systems.
High justice (Wikipedia)

Alta, média e baixa justiça são noções do law existente durante o feudalism ocidental, e indicam graus descendentes de poder para aplicar sentenças, através do estabelecimento da punição máxima a que cada autoridade poderia sentenciar seus súditos ou dependentes.

A baixa justiça dizia respeito às ações civis do dia-a-dia, incluindo alegações e delitos menores, que geralmente eram resolvidas com multas ou punições corporais leves. Era aplicada por muitas autoridades pouco importantes, incluindo pequenos senhores feudais, que eram responsáveis por aplicar a justiça aos seus servos e inquilinos. A justiça intermediária envolvia plena jurisdição civil e criminal, exceto para crimes capitais, e, notavelmente, excluindo o direito de aplicar a pena de morte, a tortura e castigos corporais severos, que eram reservados às autoridades detentoras da alta justiça.

A alta justiça, também conhecida como ius gladii ("direito da espada") era a mais alta autoridade penal, normalmente detida por um soberano. De fato, a espada da justiça and mão da justiça são insígnias reais que simbolizam essa autoridade.

References

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